I'm so glad you asked. There are many possible explanations for ADHD-like behaviors.   Sometimes treatment fails because the child does not have ADHD. Other times treatment fails because the ADHD is accompanied by other conditions that have not yet been recognized and treated.   Here's a book and a website that you may find helpful as you continue in your search for answers:   Kids in the Syndrome Mix of ADHD, LD, Asperger's, Tourette's, Bipolar and More!: The One Stop Guide for Parents, Teachers and Other Professionals by Martin L. Kutscher, M.D. (2007). Read reviews at http://www.amazon.com/. For more information about Dr. Kutscher, go to http://www.pediatricneurology.com/. (If it is determined that your child has one or more of the above conditions, books written by George T. Lynn, M.A. may be helpful. Three are currently reviewed at http://www.amazon.com/.)   Another explanation for ADHD-like behaviors are allergies. On her website, Doris J. Rapp, M.D. states "The typical clues of allergies and environmental illness can include any combination of the following: rubbing nose upwards, dark eye circles, scarlet earlobes, extreme activity changes, red cheeks, eye wrinkles, sudden aggression, a spacey look, wiggly legs, a mottled tongue." For more information, go to http://www.drrapp.com/.   Winnie, an adult ADD advocate