Researchers are trying to determine factors that might increase vulnerability to catastrophic events and put people at risk for develop PTSD. Some studies report the following may be risk factors:
- Pre-existing emotional disorder. People who have a history of an emotional disorder, particularly depression, before the traumatic event are at higher risk for PTSD.
- Drug or alcohol abuse
- A family history of anxiety
- A history of abuse, particularly that which threatens family integrity, such as spousal or child abuse. Studies of individuals who had suffered physical or sexual abuse or neglect as children suggest that up to one-third develop PTSD.
- An early separation from parents
- Lack of social support and poverty
- Sleep disorders. Insomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness even within a month after a traumatic event are important predictors for the development of PTSD. One specific sleep disorder -- sleep apnea -- may even intensify symptoms of PTSD, including sleeplessness and nightmares. Sleep apnea occurs when tissues in the upper throat (or airway) collapse at intervals during sleep, thereby blocking the passage of air. In one study, 91% of crime victims with PTSD had either sleep apnea or a lesser condition that partially blocked the airways during sleep. In fact, in one study treatment of sleep apnea eased PTSD. Sleep apnea has also been associated with a risk for panic disorder. [For more information, see In-Depth Report #65: Sleep apnea.]
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