The effects of specific pollutants are unclear and conflicting. For example, some research indicates that nitrogen dioxide increases hospitalization in childhood asthma by precipitating upper respiratory infections. There are conflicting reports on the effects of ozone, however. Some studies indicate that high levels do not increase the risk for hospitalization from asthma attacks, although other studies indicate that such findings may apply to children.
Medications for Treating Seasonal Allergies
Patients with chronic allergic rhinitis may require daily medications. Patients with severe seasonal allergies may be advised to start medications a few weeks before the pollen season, and to continue it until the season is over. Effective medications include the following:
- Anti-inflammatory Drugs. Nasal corticosteroids are now considered to be the most effective measure for preventing allergy attacks. Comparison studies are reporting that nasal steroid sprays are more effective than the second generation antihistamines loratadine (Claritin) and cetirizine (Zyrtec). One study also indicated that nasal steroid treatment was more effective than allergy shots. Leukotriene-antagonists and nasal cromolyn may be beneficial in specific cases of allergies.
- Antihistamines. A 2002 study reported that infants with allergies who were given the antihistamine cetirizine (Zyrtec) were much less likely to develop asthma later on. This encouraging research warrants more work.
- Allergen immunotherapy ("allergy shots"). Immunotherapy, commonly called allergy shots, may help reduce asthma symptoms, and the use of asthma medications, in patients with known allergies. They may also help prevent the development of asthma in children with allergies. Immunotherapy poses some risk for severe allergic reactions, especially for children with poorly controlled asthma, so it is important that the doctor carefully evaluates the child’s asthma condition.
Dietary Factors
Weight Loss. Children who are both asthmatic and overweight may reduce asthma symptoms simply with weight loss.
Fruits, Vegetables, and Whole Grains. Healthy foods are important for lung function. Specific foods that may be important for healthy lungs contain antioxidants (deep green and yellow-orange fruits and vegetables), selenium (fish, red meat, grains, eggs, chicken, liver, garlic), plant chemicals called flavonoids (apples, onions), and magnesium (green leafy vegetables, nuts, whole grains, milk, and meats).
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