Weight Loss

HealthCentralcm.own.healthcentralgeneralhealth77nonenone2001Healthcentral.com is one of the most trusted sources of medical information and up to date news and contains a doctor-approved health encyclopedia of diseases and conditions, the ability to find symptoms and treatments. Also drug information with side effects and interactions./home/sites/healthcentralwww.healthcentral.com/HealthCentral : Weight LossWeight Loss - Diseases and Conditions, Treatments, General Health InformationWeight Loss - Diseases and Conditions, Treatments, General Health InformationWeight LossdietingdietingHealthCentralDiseasesWeight Losshttp://www.healthcentral.com/channel/408/12135.htmlhttp://www.healthcentral.com/channel/408/12135_pf.htmlChannel Page179858Weight Loss12135.htmlWeight LossADAM Encyclopedia (more_index_1_8_7)Hypotension2007-03-27 13:52:38.0ADAM2010-02-06 10:54:26.0HypotensionHypotensionHypotensionHypotensionBlood pressureParkinson’s diseaseDiabetesAnaphylaxisArrhythmiasDehydrationFaintingHeart attackHeart failureShockUnicompartmental knee arthroplasty2006-11-04 00:54:44.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:45:52.0Unicompartmental knee arthroplastyUnicompartmental knee arthroplastyKnee replacement - partialUnicompartmental knee arthroplastyKnee joint19309 419309 5Cartilage covers the end of bones in joints to provide shock absorption during movement. The synovium is the membrane that surrounds the joint and is filled with synovial fluid, which provides nutrients and oxygen to the cartilage.Partial knee replacement - series2007-03-27 13:10:02.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:45:51.0The structure of a joint19399 419399 5Joints, particularly hinge joints like the elbow and the knee, are complex structures made up of bone, muscles, synovium, cartilage, and ligaments that are designed to bear weight and move the body through space. The knee consists of the femur (thigh bone) above, and the tibia (shin bone) and fibula below. The kneecap (patella) glides through a shallow groove on the front part of the lower thigh bone. Ligaments and tendons connect the three bones of the knee, which are contained in the joint capsule (synovium) and are cushioned by cartilage.ArthritisNecrosisOverweightKnee joint replacementGeneral anesthesiaSpinal and epidural anesthesiaProsthesisOsteoarthritisOsteonecrosisOsteomalaciaPregnancy carePregnancy care2006-11-04 00:54:08.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:16:57.0Pregnancy carePregnancy careBack pain - lowJoint painNausea and vomitingHeartburnHeadacheFrequent or urgent urinationMuscle crampsConstipationDiabetesRubellaProtein - urineAbortion - surgicalFeverVaginal bleeding between periodsHair transplantHair transplant2006-11-04 00:53:56.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:37:10.0Hair transplantHair transplantHair transplantHair transplantSkin layers8912 48912 5The skin is the largest organ of the body.AnesthesiaGastric bypass surgeryGastric bypass2006-11-04 00:53:47.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:16:28.0Gastric bypass surgeryGastric bypass surgeryGastric bypassGastric bypass surgeryDumping syndrome19830 419830 5Dumping syndrome occurs when the contents of the stomach empty too quickly into the small intestine. The partially digested food draws excess fluid into the small intestine causing nausea, cramping, diarrhea, sweating, faintness, and palpitations. Dumping usually occurs after the consumption of too much simple or refined sugar in people who have had surgery to modify or remove all or part of the stomach.Biliopancreatic diversion (BPD)19499 419499 5Malabsorptive operations, such as biliopancreatic diversion (BPD), restrict both food intake and the amount of calories and nutrients the body absorbs.In a BPD procedure, portions of the stomach are removed. The small pouch that remains is connected directly to the final segment of the small intestine, completely bypassing the upper part of the small intestines. A common channel remains in which bile and pancreatic digestive juices mix prior to entering the colon. Weight loss occurs since most of the calories and nutrients are routed into the colon where they are not absorbed.Adjustable gastric banding19497 419497 5Restrictive gastric operations, such as an adjustable gastric banding procedure, serve only to restrict and decrease food intake and do not interfere with the normal digestive process.In this procedure, a hollow band made of special material is placed around the stomach near its upper end, creating the small pouch and a narrow passage into the larger remaining portion of the stomach. This small passage delays the emptying of food from the pouch and causes a feeling of fullness.The band can be tightened or loosened over time to change the size of the passage. Initially, the pouch holds about 1 ounce of food and later expands to 2-3 ounces.Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch19500 419500 5Malabsorptive operations restrict both food intake and the amount of calories and nutrients the body absorbs.In this procedure, a larger portion of the stomach is left intact, including the pyloric valve that regulates the release of contents from the stomach into the small intestine. The duodenum is divided near this valve, and the small intestine divided as well. The portion of the small intestine connected to large intestine is attached to the short duodenal segment next to the stomach. The remaining segment of the duodenum connected to the pancreas and gallbladder is attached to this limb closer to the large intestine. Where contents from these two segments mix is called the common channel, which dumps into the large intestine.Roux-en-Y stomach surgery for weight loss19268 419268 5The Roux-en-Y gastric bypass procedure involves creating a stomach pouch out of a small portion of the stomach and attaching it directly to the small intestine, bypassing a large part of the stomach and duodenum. Not only is the stomach pouch too small to hold large amounts of food, but by skipping the duodenum, fat absorption is substantially reduced.Vertical banded gastroplasty19498 419498 5Restrictive gastric operations, such as vertical banded gastroplasty (VGB), serve only to restrict and decrease food intake and do not interfere with the normal digestive process.In this procedure the upper stomach near the esophagus is stapled vertically to create a small pouch along the inner curve of the stomach. The outlet from the pouch to the rest of the stomach is restricted by a band made of special material. The band delays the emptying of food from the pouch, causing a feeling of fullness.Laparoscopic gastric bandingAnesthesiaLaparoscopyHerniaGallstonesGallbladder removal - laparoscopicBody mass indexCoronary heart diseaseAsthmaType 2 diabetesHypertensionObstructive sleep apneaHigh blood cholesterol and triglyceridesGastroesophageal reflux diseaseBody mass indexBody mass index2006-11-04 00:53:42.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:21:33.0Body mass indexCalculating body frame size17182 4Learn here how to determine your body frame size.17182 5Body frame size is determined by a person's wrist circumference in relation to his height. For example, a man whose height is over 5' 5" and wrist is 6" would fall into the small-boned category.Determining frame size: To determine the body frame size, measure the wrist with a tape measure and use the following chart to determine whether the person is small, medium, or large boned.Women:Height under 5'2" Small = wrist size less than 5.5"Medium = wrist size 5.5" to 5.75"Large = wrist size over 5.75"Height 5'2" to 5' 5" Small = wrist size less than 6"Medium = wrist size 6" to 6.25"Large = wrist size over 6.25"Height over 5' 5" Small = wrist size less than 6.25"Medium = wrist size 6.25" to 6.5"Large = wrist size over 6.5"Men:Height over 5' 5" Small = wrist size 5.5" to 6.5"Medium = wrist size 6.5" to 7.5"Large = wrist size over 7.5"High blood pressureObstructive sleep apneaType 2 diabetesHeart disease and womenHeart disease and women2006-11-04 00:53:32.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:51:25.0Heart disease and womenHeart disease and womenAcute MI17004 417004 5A heart attack or acute myocardial infarction (MI) occurs when one of the arteries that supplies the heart muscle becomes blocked. Blockage may be caused by spasm of the artery or by atherosclerosis with acute clot formation. The blockage results in damaged tissue and a permanent loss of contraction of this portion of the heart muscle.Heart, front view1097 41097 5The external structures of the heart include the ventricles, atria, arteries and veins. Arteries carry blood away from the heart while veins carry blood into the heart. The vessels colored blue indicate the transport of blood with relatively low content of oxygen and high content of carbon dioxide. The vessels colored red indicate the transport of blood with relatively high content of oxygen and low content of carbon dioxide.Heart, section through the middle1056 41056 5The interior of the heart is composed of valves, chambers, and associated vessels.Heart attackAngioplasty and stent placement - heartBody mass indexCoronary heart diseaseAnginaAtrial fibrillation/flutterDiabetesIron deficiency anemia - childrenIron deficiency anemia - children2006-11-04 00:53:21.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:59:03.0Iron deficiency anemia - childrenIron deficiency anemia - childrenIron deficiency anemia - childrenIron deficiency anemia - childrenFormed elements of blood19192 419192 5Blood transports oxygen and nutrients to body tissues and returns waste and carbon dioxide. Blood distributes nearly everything that is carried from one area in the body to another place within the body. For example, blood transports hormones from endocrine organs to their target organs and tissues. Blood helps maintain body temperature and normal pH levels in body tissues. The protective functions of blood include clot formation and the prevention of infection.Hemoglobin19510 419510 5Hemoglobin is the most important component of red blood cells. It is composed of a protein called heme, which binds oxygen. In the lungs, oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide. Abnormalities of an individual's hemoglobin value can indicate defects in the normal balance between red blood cell production and destruction. Both low and high values can indicate disease states.Red blood cells, target cells1497 41497 5These abnormal red blood cells (RBCs) resemble targets. These cells are seen in association with some forms of anemia, and following the removal of the spleen (splenectomy).AnemiaHemoglobinLead poisoningHormone therapyHormone Replacement Therapy is medication containing one or more female hormones to treat symptoms of menopause. Click to learn more about it.
Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)2006-11-04 00:53:13.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:16:12.0Hormone therapyHormone therapyUterus19263 419263 5The uterus is a hollow muscular organ located in the female pelvis between the bladder and rectum. The ovaries produce the eggs that travel through the fallopian tubes. Once the egg has left the ovary it can be fertilized and implant itself in the lining of the uterus. The main function of the uterus is to nourish the developing fetus prior to birth.HysterectomyMenopauseOsteoporosisUrinary incontinenceDeep venous thrombosisPulmonary embolusPressure ulcerPressure ulcer (bedsore)2006-11-04 00:53:08.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:01:40.0Pressure ulcerPressure ulcerPressure ulcerPressure ulcerProgression of a decubitis ulcer19092 419092 5If untreated, a pressure sore can progress from a small irritated but unbroken skin patch to a potentially life-threatening wound involving extensive tissue death and infection. Treatment of the serious decubitus ulcer may include drying out the wound, debriding (excising) the dead tissue, and administering systemic antibiotics.Areas where bedsores occur19091 419091 5Bedsores, also known as pressure sores or decubitus ulcers, are a breakdown and ulceration of tissue due to a combination of the weight of the body on the surface of the skin and the friction of a resistant surface such as a bed. Areas where bony prominences are less padded by muscle and fat, such as the hip bones, tailbone and heels of the feet, are most susceptible to bedsores. Non-mobile patients are vulnerable to the formation pressure sores when left lying for long periods of time in the same prone position.Plantar fasciitisPlantar fasciitis2006-11-04 00:53:01.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:18:33.0Plantar fasciitisPlantar fasciitisPlantar fasciitisPlantar fasciitisPlantar fascia19567 419567 5The plantar fascia is a very thick band of tissue that covers the bones on the bottom of the foot. It extends from the heel to the bones of the ball of the foot and acts like a rubber band to create tension which maintains the arch of the foot. If the band is long it allows the arch of the foot to be low, which is most commonly known as having a flat foot. A short band of tissue causes a high arch. This fascia can become inflamed and painful in some people, making walking more difficult.Plantar fasciitis19568 419568 5Inflammation (irritation and swelling with presence of extra immune cells) of the plantar fascia can cause heel pain and make walking difficult. Some risk factors for development of this problem include foot arch problems (both flat foot and high arches), obesity, sudden weight gain, running and a tight Achilles tendon.LaparoscopyLaparoscopy2006-11-04 00:52:57.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:37:44.0LaparoscopyLaparoscopyLaparoscopyLaparoscopyLaparoscopic surgery - series2007-03-27 13:09:32.0ADAM2010-02-05 11:32:26.0Pelvic laparoscopy1109 41109 5Laparoscopy is performed when less-invasive surgery is desired. It is also called "band-aid" surgery because only small incisions need to be made to accomodate the small surgical instruments that are used to view the abdominal contents and perform the surgery.Gallbladder removal - openGastric bypass surgeryAnti-reflux surgeryAnti-reflux surgery - childrenAppendectomyGallbladder removal - laparoscopicGynecologic laparoscopyHysterectomyInguinal hernia repairLaparoscopic gastric bandingPelvic laparoscopyRadical prostatectomySpleen removalTubal ligationGeneral anesthesiaHepatitis A - vaccineHepatitis A - vaccine2006-11-04 00:52:44.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:18:20.0Hepatitis A - vaccineHepatitis A - vaccineImmunizations - general overviewHepatitis AAntibodyFeverAging changes in the sensesAging changes in the senses2006-11-04 00:52:38.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:44:44.0Aging changes in the sensesAging changes in the sensesSmelling200014 4Tasting200015 4Sense of sight8687 48687 5Vision occurs when light is processed by the eye and interpreted by the brain. Light passes through the transparent eye surface (cornea). The pupil (the black opening in the front of the eye) is an opening to the eye interior. It can get larger or smaller to regulate the amount of light entering the eye. The colored portion (iris) is really a muscle controlling the pupil size. The inside of the eye is filled with a gel-like fluid. There is a flexible, transparent lens that focuses light so it hits on the back of the eye (the retina). The retina converts light energy into a nerve impulse that is carried to the brain and then interpreted.Aged eye anatomy8688 48688 5With age, the lens may become misshaped and the corneal tissue may become clouded.Hearing aids8685 48685 5Some hearing loss is almost inevitable with age. It is estimated that 30% of all people over 65 have significant hearing impairment. Conductive hearing loss occurs when sound has problems getting through the external and middle ear. Surgery or a hearing aid may be helpful for this type of hearing loss.Tongue8686 48686 5The tongue is mainly composed of muscles. It is covered with a mucous membrane. Small nodules of tissue (papillae) cover the upper surface of the tongue. Between the papillae are the taste buds, which provide the sense of taste. In addition to taste, the tongue functions in moving food to aid chewing and swallowing, and it is important in speech.Hearing and the cochlea200057 4Aging changes in hearing8683 48683 5With aging, ear structures deteriorate. The eardrum often thickens and the inner ear bones and other structures are affected.Seeing200013 4Feeling pain200009 4Age-related hearing lossHearing lossWax blockageTinnitusIrisRetinaVisual acuity testPresbyopiaCataractVisual fieldPeripheralGlaucomaMacular degenerationDiabetic retinopathyTaste - impairedBrain surgeryConfusionDiabetesAppendicitisFrostbiteHypothermiaBurnsUlcersAging changes in organs - tissue - cellsAging changes in skinAging changes in the bones - muscles - jointsAging changes in the faceAging changes in the nervous systemAging changes in the lungsAging changes in the lungs2006-11-04 00:52:36.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:00:36.0Aging changes in the lungsAging changes in the lungsBreathing200020 4Respiratory cilia19533 419533 5The bronchus in the lungs are lined with hair-like projections called cilia that move microbes and debris up and out of the airways. Scattered throughout the cilia are goblet cells that secrete mucus which helps protect the lining of the bronchus and trap microorganisms.Changes in lung tissue with age8676 48676 5Lung tissue atrophies and is not as efficient with age.Gas exchange200022 4KyphosisScoliosisFaintingPneumoniaCoughAntibodyObstructive sleep apneaBronchitisAging changes in organs - tissue - cellsAging changes in the bones - muscles - jointsAging changes in the heart and blood vesselsAging changes in vital signsAging changes in organs - tissue - cellsAging changes in organs - tissue - cells2006-11-04 00:52:36.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:10:03.0Aging changes in organs - tissue - cellsAging changes in organs - tissue - cellsTissue types8682 48682 5There are 4 basic types of tissue: connective tissue, epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. Connective tissue supports other tissues and binds them together (bone, blood, and lymph tissues). Epithelial tissue provides a covering (skin, the linings of the various passages inside the body). Muscle tissue includes striated (also called voluntary) muscles that move the skeleton, and smooth muscle, such as the muscles that surround the stomach. Nerve tissue is made up of nerve cells (neurons) and is used to carry "messages" to and from various parts of the body.Nerve conduction200011 4Nerve conductionEpitheliumLipofuscinHeart failureMetabolismHyperplasiaAging changes in hormone productionAging changes in immunityAging changes in skinAging changes in sleepAging changes in the bones - muscles - jointsAging changes in the breastAging changes in the faceAging changes in the female reproductive systemAging changes in the heart and blood vesselsAging changes in the kidneysAging changes in the lungsAging changes in the male reproductive systemAging changes in the nervous systemAging changes in hair and nailsAging changes in hair and nails2006-11-04 00:52:33.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:39:47.0Aging changes in hair and nailsAging changes in hair and nailsAging changes in nails8671 48671 5The nails change with aging, growing more slowly, and becoming dull and brittle. The color may change from translucent to yellowed and opaque. Nails, especially toenails, may become hard and thick and ingrown toenails may be more common. The tips of the fingernails may fragment. Sometimes, lengthwise (longitudinal) ridges will develop in the fingernails and toenails. This can be a normal aging change. However, some nail changes can be caused by infections, nutritional problems, trauma, and other problems.Aged hair follicle8670 48670 5Aged hair follicles are no longer as prepared for new hair growth.Hair follicle of young person8669 48669 5Hair color is caused by a pigment (melanin) that is produced by the hair follicle. With aging, the follicle produces less melanin.MelaninHair lossMale pattern baldnessFemale pattern baldnessAging changes in skinAging changes in the faceNail abnormalitiesAging changes in the faceAging changes in the face2006-11-04 00:52:32.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:21:10.0Aging changes in the faceAging changes in the faceChanges in face with age8665 48665 5Facial skin tends to wrinkle with age.WrinklesWax blockageEyelid droopingIrisAging changes in body shapeAging changes in hair and nailsAging changes in organs - tissue - cellsAging changes in skinAging changes in hormone productionAging changes in hormone production2006-11-04 00:52:29.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:34:00.0Aging changes in hormone productionAging changes in hormone productionMenopause17252 417252 5Menopause is the transition in a woman's life when the ovaries stop releasing eggs, menstrual activity decreases and eventually ceases, and the body decreases the production of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone.Female reproductive anatomy9433 49433 5The female reproductive organs are located in the lower abdomen.Endocrine glandsHypothalamusTSHMetabolismThyroid function testsOsteoporosisGlucose test - bloodAdrenal glandsAldosteroneElectrolytesTestosteroneGrowth hormone testReninProlactinPTHT3T4 testCatecholamines - bloodAging changes in immunityAging changes in organs - tissue - cellsAging changes in the male reproductive systemMenopauseAging changes in the breastAging changes in the breast2006-11-04 00:52:28.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:26:25.0Aging changes in the breastAging changes in the breastMammary gland17084 4An illustration of the mammary gland17084 5The anatomy of the breast includes the lactiferous, or milk ducts, and the mammary lobules.Female Breast1075 4An illustration of the female breast1075 5The female breast is either of two mammary glands (organs of milk secretion) on the chest.SubcutaneousBreast cancerBreast lump self examMammographyAging changes in body shapeAging changes in body shape2006-11-04 00:52:27.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:53:07.0Aging changes in body shapeAging changes in body shapeAging changes in the bones - muscles - jointsAging changes in the breastAging changes in the faceAging changes in hair and nailsAging changes in organs - tissue - cellsAging changes in skinDiabetes educationDiabetic education2006-11-04 00:52:26.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:27:21.0Diabetes educationDiabetes educationEndocrine glands1093 41093 5Endocrine glands release hormones (chemical messengers) into the bloodstream to be transported to various organs and tissues throughout the body. For instance, the pancreas secretes insulin, which allows the body to regulate levels of sugar in the blood. The thyroid gets instructions from the pituitary to secrete hormones which determine the pace of chemical activity in the body (the more hormone in the bloodstream, the faster the chemical activity; the less hormone, the slower the activity).Monitor blood glucose - seriesMonitor blood glucose - series2007-03-27 13:09:58.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:27:21.0Diabetic blood circulation in foot19290 419290 5People with diabetes are at risk for blood vessel injury, which may be severe enough to cause tissue damage in the legs and feet.Food and insulin release8812 48812 5Insulin is a hormone secreted by the pancreas in response to increased glucose levels in the blood.Weight managementResourcesDiabetesHypoglycemiaDiabetes diet - type 1Glucose test - bloodBlood glucose monitoringKetones - urineAlcohol useDiabetes - resourcesPets and the immunocompromised personPets and the immunocompromised person2006-11-04 00:52:12.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:28:09.0Pets and the immunocompromised personPets and the immunocompromised personHIV virus and t-cells9740 49740 5HIV is a viral infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which can gradually destroy the immune system.BAER - brainstem auditory evoked responseBAER - brainstem auditory evoked response2006-11-04 00:51:53.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:50:04.0BAER - brainstem auditory evoked responseBAER - brainstem auditory evoked responseBAER - brainstem auditory evoked responseBAER - brainstem auditory evoked responseBrain1074 41074 5The major areas of the brain have one or more specific functions.Brain wave monitor8730 48730 5The brainstem auditory evoked response test (BAER), is performed to help diagnose nervous-system abnormalities, hearing losses (especially in low-birth weight newborns), and to assess neurologic functions. The test focuses on changes and responses in brain waves. The brain waves are stimulated by a clicking sound to evaluate the central auditory pathways of the brainstem.Infant test/procedure preparationToddler test or procedure preparationPreschooler test or procedure preparationSchool age test or procedure preparationAdolescent test or procedure preparationVisual fieldVisual field2006-11-04 00:50:37.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:53:54.0Visual fieldVisual fieldVisual fieldVisual fieldVisual field test1143 41143 5Central and peripheral vision is tested by using visual field tests. Changes may indicate eye diseases, such as glaucoma or retinitis.Eye1094 41094 5The eye is the organ of sight, a nearly spherical hollow globe filled with fluids (humors). The outer layer or tunic (sclera, or white, and cornea) is fibrous and protective. The middle tunic layer (choroid, ciliary body and the iris) is vascular. The innermost layer (the retina) is nervous or sensory. The fluids in the eye are divided by the lens into the vitreous humor (behind the lens) and the aqueous humor (in front of the lens). The lens itself is flexible and suspended by ligaments which allow it to change shape to focus light on the retina, which is composed of sensory neurons.RBC nuclear scanRBC (nuclear) scan2006-11-04 00:49:32.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:51:36.0RBC nuclear scanRBC nuclear scanRBC nuclear scanRBC nuclear scanVenipunctureNuclear ventriculographyPET scanThoracic spine x-rayThoracic spine X-ray2006-11-04 00:48:48.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:40:49.0Thoracic spine x-rayThoracic spine x-rayThoracic spine x-rayThoracic spine x-rayVertebral column1775 41775 5This is the spine and the sacrum with the cervical (neck), thoracic (mid-back), and lumbar (lower back) vertebra. Notice how the appearance of the vertebra change as you look down the spine. The change in shape and size reflect the different functions of the neck, mid-back, and lower back.Vertebra, thoracic (mid back)1774 41774 5These are twelve vertebra of the mid back. The last vertebra (on the left side of the picture) attaches to the lumbar (lower) spine, and the top vertebra (on the right) attaches to the cervical (neck) section of the back. The vertebra are broader and stronger than the cervical bones. This allows them to absorb the added pressure applied to the mid back, but they remain a common sight of injury. The vertebra are numbered from one to twelve and labeled T1, T2, T3 etc. from the upper most bones to the lowest.Skeletal spine1116 41116 5The spine is divided into several sections. The cervical vertebrae make up the neck. The thoracic vertebrae comprise the chest section and have ribs attached. The lumbar vertebrae are the remaining vertebrae below the last thoracic bone and the top of the sacrum. The sacral vertebrae are caged within the bones of the pelvis, and the coccyx represents the terminal vertebrae or vestigial tail.Intervertebral disk19469 419469 5The vertebral column is made up of 26 bones that provide axial support to the trunk. The vertebral column provides protection to the spinal cord that runs through its central cavity. Between each vertebra is an intervertebral disk. The disks are filled with a gelatinous substance, called the nucleus pulposus, which provides cushioning to the spinal column. The annulus fibrosus is a fibrocartilaginous ring that surrounds the nucleus pulposus, which keeps the nucleus pulposus in tact when forces are applied to the spinal column. The intervertebral disks allow the vertebral column to be flexible and act as shock absorbers during everyday activities such as walking, running and jumping.Anterior skeletal anatomy9065 49065 5The skeleton is made up of 206 bones in the adult and contributes to the form and shape of the body. The skeleton has several important fuctions for the body. The bones of the skeleton provide support for the soft tissues. For example, the rib cage supports the thoracic wall. Most muscles of the body are attached to bones which act as levers to allow movement of body parts. The bones of the skeleton also serve as a reservoir for minerals, such as calcium and phosphate. Finally, most of the blood cell formation takes places within the marrow of certain bones.X-rayThoracic CTThoracic CT2006-11-04 00:48:11.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:37:51.0Thoracic CTThoracic CTThoracic CTThoracic CTBronchial cancer - CT scan1627 41627 5This chest CT scan shows a cross-section of a person with bronchial cancer. The two dark areas are the lungs. The light areas within the lungs represent the cancer.Lung nodule, right lower lung - CT scan1634 41634 5A CT scan showing a mass in right lower chest near the heart (left side of photograph).Vertebra, thoracic (mid back)1774 41774 5These are twelve vertebra of the mid back. The last vertebra (on the left side of the picture) attaches to the lumbar (lower) spine, and the top vertebra (on the right) attaches to the cervical (neck) section of the back. The vertebra are broader and stronger than the cervical bones. This allows them to absorb the added pressure applied to the mid back, but they remain a common sight of injury. The vertebra are numbered from one to twelve and labeled T1, T2, T3 etc. from the upper most bones to the lowest.Lung mass, right lung - CT scan1631 41631 5This is a CT scan of the upper chest showing a mass in the right lung (seen on the left side of the picture).Thyroid cancer - CT scan1204 41204 5This CT scan of the upper chest (thorax) shows a malignant thyroid tumor (cancer). The dark area around the trachea (marked by the white U-shaped tip of the respiratory tube) is an area where normal tissue has been eroded and died (necrosis) as a result of tumor growth.Pulmonary nodule, solitary - CT scan1611 41611 5This CT scan shows a single lesion (pulmonary nodule) in the left lung. This nodule is seen as the light circle in the upper portion of the dark area on the left side of the picture. A normal lung would look completely black in a CT scan.Normal lung anatomy9590 49590 5The lungs are a major part of respiratory system. The function of the respiratory system is to supply the body with oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide.CT scan1088 41088 5CT stands for computerized tomography. In this procedure, a thin X-ray beam is rotated around the area of the body to be visualized. Using very complicated mathematical processes called algorithms, the computer is able to generate a 3-D image of a section through the body. CT scans are very detailed and provide excellent information for the physician.Lung mass, right upper lobe - CT scan1625 41625 5This is a CT scan of the upper lungs. This individual has a mass in upper part of the right lung (left side of picture).Lung with squamous cell cancer - CT scan1637 41637 5This CT scan shows a cross section of the lungs of a person with lung cancer. The two dark areas in the middle of the screen are the lungs. The light areas in the right lung represent the cancer (left side of picture).CT scanNoninvasiveInvasiveArteriogramTumorCranial CT scanCranial CT scan2006-11-04 00:48:06.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:09:06.0Cranial CT scanCranial CT scanCranial CT scanCranial CT scanAcuteStrokeIntracerebral hemorrhageHeadacheCT scanGlucagonGlucagon2006-11-04 00:46:23.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:36:13.0GlucagonGlucagonGlucagonGlucagonHypoglycemiaReninRenin2006-11-04 00:46:01.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:09:30.0ReninReninReninReninKidney - blood and urine flow1704 41704 5This is the typical appearance of the blood vessels (vasculature) and urine flow pattern in the kidney. The blood vessels are shown in red and the urine flow pattern in yellow.HypertensionHyperaldosteronism - primary and secondaryAldosteroneDistalPTHPTH2006-11-04 00:45:49.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:23:44.0PTHPTHPTHPTH25-hydroxy vitamin D testSerum calciumProtein SProtein S2006-11-04 00:45:11.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:40:02.0Protein SProtein SProtein SProtein SBlood clotsProtein CProtein CProtein C2006-11-04 00:45:10.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:34:34.0Protein CProtein CProtein CProtein CProtein SBlood clotsCBCCBC2006-11-04 00:44:47.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:48:36.0CBCCBCCBCCBCComplete blood count - series2007-03-27 13:09:23.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:48:34.0Red blood cells, elliptocytosis1219 41219 5Elliptocytosis is a hereditary disorder of the red blood cells (RBCs). In this condition, the RBCs assume an elliptical shape, rather than the typical round shape.Red blood cells, normal1218 41218 5This photomicrograph shows normal red blood cells (RBCs) as seen in the microscope after staining.Red blood cells, target cells1497 41497 5These abnormal red blood cells (RBCs) resemble targets. These cells are seen in association with some forms of anemia, and following the removal of the spleen (splenectomy).Red blood cells, multiple sickle cells1223 41223 5Sickle cell anemia is an inherited disorder in which abnormal hemoglobin (the red pigment inside red blood cells) is produced. The abnormal hemoglobin causes red blood cells to assume a sickle shape, like the ones seen in this photomicrograph.Red blood cells, sickle and pappenheimer1495 41495 5This photomicrograph of red blood cells (RBCs) shows both sickle-shaped and pappenheimer bodies.Malaria, microscopic view of cellular parasites1464 41464 5Malarial parasites are visible within the red blood cells. They are stained a dark bluish color.Megaloblastic anemia - view of red blood cells1214 41214 5This picture shows large, dense, oversized, red blood cells (RBCs) that are seen in megaloblastic anemia. Megaloblastic anemia can occur when there is a deficiency of vitamin B-12.Red blood cells, tear-drop shape1217 41217 5This photomicrograph shows one of the abnormal shapes that red blood cells (RBCs) may assume, a tear-drop shape. Normally, RBCs are round.Basophil (close-up)1442 41442 5Basophils are a specific type of white blood cell. These cells are readily stained with basic dyes (this is where the name comes from). Note the dark grains inside the cellular fluid (cytoplasm) of this basophil. Basophils make up only a small portion of the number of white blood cells but are important parts of the body's immune response. They release histamine and other chemicals that act on the blood vessels when the immune response is triggered.Malaria, photomicrograph of cellular parasites1466 41466 5Malaria is a disease caused by parasites. This picture shows dark orange-stained malaria parasites inside red blood cells (a) and outside the cells (b). Note the large cells that look like targets; it is unknown how these target cells are related to this disease.Red blood cells, sickle cells1494 41494 5These crescent or sickle-shaped red blood cells (RBCs) are present with Sickle cell anemia, and stand out clearly against the normal round RBCs. These abnormally shaped cells may become entangled and block blood flow in the small blood vessels (capillaries).Formed elements of blood19192 419192 5Blood transports oxygen and nutrients to body tissues and returns waste and carbon dioxide. Blood distributes nearly everything that is carried from one area in the body to another place within the body. For example, blood transports hormones from endocrine organs to their target organs and tissues. Blood helps maintain body temperature and normal pH levels in body tissues. The protective functions of blood include clot formation and the prevention of infection.Red blood cells, sickle cell1212 41212 5Sickle cell anemia is an inherited blood disease in which the red blood cells produce abnormal pigment (hemoglobin). The abnormal hemoglobin causes deformity of the red blood cells into crescent or sickle-shapes, as seen in this photomicrograph.Red blood cells, spherocytosis1220 41220 5Spherocytosis is a hereditary disorder of the red blood cells (RBCs), which may be associated with a mild anemia. Typically, the affected RBCs are small, spherically shaped, and lack the light centers seen in normal, round RBCs.AcuteChronicHemoglobinHematocritRBC indicesPlatelet countRBC countWBC countDehydrationAnemiaD-xylose absorptionD-xylose absorption2006-11-04 00:43:53.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:07:14.0D-xylose absorptionD-xylose absorptionD-xylose absorptionD-xylose absorptionD-xylose level tests9285 49285 5The D-xylose tolerance tests measure the intestines' ability to absorb D-xylose, a simple sugar, as an indicator of whether nutrients are being properly absorbed.Male urinary system10022 410022 5The urinary system is made up of the kidneys, ureters, urethra and bladder.Urine culture - clean catchVenipuncturePotassium - urinePotassium - urine2006-11-04 00:43:44.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:57:11.0Potassium - urinePotassium - urinePotassium - urinePotassium - urineMale urinary system10022 410022 5The urinary system is made up of the kidneys, ureters, urethra and bladder.AldosteroneAdrenal glandsMedullary cystic kidney diseaseSodium - urineSodium - urine2006-11-04 00:43:42.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:56:13.0Sodium - urineSodium - urineSodium - urineSodium - urineMale urinary system10022 410022 5The urinary system is made up of the kidneys, ureters, urethra and bladder.AldosteroneSodium - bloodAcute tubular necrosisHepatorenal syndromeMedullary cystic kidney diseasePrerenal azotemiaSodium - bloodSerum sodium2006-11-04 00:40:27.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:29:01.0Sodium - bloodSodium - bloodSodium - bloodSodium - bloodBlood test10026 410026 5Blood is drawn from a vein (venipuncture), usually from the inside of the elbow or the back of the hand. A needle is inserted into the vein, and the blood is collected in an air-tight vial or a syringe. Preparation may vary depending on the specific test.AldosteroneNews (more_index_1_1_1)FYI (more_index_1_1_3)Health Tip: Dangerous DietingFad or quick weight-loss diets can lead to health problems2007-08-23 00:00:00.0HealthDay2008-05-05 22:21:02.0AbdominoplastyAcidophilusAdhesionsAmebiasisHungry Heart
Diet. It's at the heart of a healthy life. Learn about tools that can keep your diet heart-healthy.
Power Out FatWatch this video to find out about a new method of liposuction that can help reduce cholesterol and help you become more active.
Diabetes As a Risk FactorWatch this video on how high cholesterol can put you at risk for diabetes.Strategies in Treating Heart DiseaseWatch a video on new treatment methods for heart disease.Gastroesophageal Reflux DiseasePPI Therapy

Proton pump inhibitors are drugs which reduce acid secretion of the stomach. Watch this animation to see how PPI helps block acid.

What is Cholesterol?This video animation shows how cholesterol behaves in the blood stream.Cholesterol is a soft, fat-like, waxy substance found in the bloodstream and in all your body's cells.Aciphex - Drug DescriptionRabeprazoleKlor-Con - Drug DescriptionPotassium ChlorideKlor-Con ER - Drug Descriptionpotassium chlorideNexium - Drug DescriptionEsomeprazolePhysical activityBalanced dietHeart diseaseHealth Tip: Talking to Your Doctor About How to Lose WeightSuggestions to get you started2007-08-17 00:00:00.0HealthDay2008-05-05 22:17:30.0AbdominoplastyAcidophilusAnkle SprainsAntioxidantsHungry Heart
Diet. It's at the heart of a healthy life. Learn about tools that can keep your diet heart-healthy.
Power Out FatWatch this video to find out about a new method of liposuction that can help reduce cholesterol and help you become more active.
Soy - Many Forms, Many BenefitsLearn how different forms of soy can lead to tastier dishes and healthier diets.Soy - Health Benefits ExplainedRead about the many healthy benefits of soy.Klor-Con - Drug DescriptionPotassium ChlorideKlor-Con ER - Drug Descriptionpotassium chlorideBody mass indexHealth Tip: Sensible Ways to Shed PoundsMissing meals is a bad idea, AARP says2007-06-05 00:00:00.0HealthDay2008-05-05 22:04:06.0AbdominoplastyAcidophilusAdhesionsAmebiasisHungry Heart
Diet. It's at the heart of a healthy life. Learn about tools that can keep your diet heart-healthy.
Power Out FatWatch this video to find out about a new method of liposuction that can help reduce cholesterol and help you become more active.
Diabetes As a Risk FactorWatch this video on how high cholesterol can put you at risk for diabetes.Strategies in Treating Heart DiseaseWatch a video on new treatment methods for heart disease.Gastroesophageal Reflux DiseasePPI Therapy

Proton pump inhibitors are drugs which reduce acid secretion of the stomach. Watch this animation to see how PPI helps block acid.

Hungry Heart
Diet. It's at the heart of a healthy life. Learn about tools that can keep your diet heart-healthy.
Diabetes: One Step Closer To A CureSaliva Detects Oral CancerSix-Pack Abs!Colonoscopy: Not Just For Colon CancerPrempro - Overdosage & ContraindicationsConjugated Estrogens/MedroxyprogesteronePrempro - Patient InfoConjugated Estrogens/MedroxyprogesteroneTopamax - Patient InfoTopiramateZocor - Indications & DosagesimvastatinPrevacid - Overdosage & ContraindicationsLansoprazoleHealth Tip: Understanding Crohn's DiseaseSample Grocery ListOn Target: Guidelines To Eating The Fit Or Fat WayQuick Fixes For Your Family's DietRestaurant Remedies: Don't Diet Out, Dine Out!Seven Habits Of Highly Successful DietersBalanced diet