HealthCentralcm.own.healthcentralgeneralhealth77nonenone2001Healthcentral.com is one of the most trusted sources of medical information and up to date news and contains a doctor-approved health encyclopedia of diseases and conditions, the ability to find symptoms and treatments. Also drug information with side effects and interactions./home/sites/healthcentralwww.healthcentral.com/HealthCentral : Thyroid ProblemsThyroid Problems - Diseases and Conditions, Treatments, General Health InformationThyroid Problems - Diseases and Conditions, Treatments, General Health InformationthyroidHealthCentralDiseasesHormonalThyroid Problemshttp://www.healthcentral.com/channel/408/1217.htmlhttp://www.healthcentral.com/channel/408/1217_pf.htmlChannel Page179636Thyroid Problems1217.htmlThyroid ProblemsADAM Encyclopedia (more_index_1_8_7)Hypotension2007-03-27 13:52:38.0ADAM2010-02-06 10:54:26.0HypotensionHypotensionHypotensionHypotensionBlood pressureParkinson’s diseaseDiabetesAnaphylaxisArrhythmiasDehydrationFaintingHeart attackHeart failureShockStereotactic radiosurgery2007-03-27 13:52:36.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:41:56.0Stereotactic radiosurgeryStereotactic radiosurgeryStereotactic radiosurgeryStereotactic radiosurgeryRadiation therapyAcoustic neuromaArteriovenous malformation - cerebralPituitary tumorEpilepsyTrigeminal neuralgiaMRICT scanMineral metabolism disorders2007-03-27 13:52:34.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:11:48.0Mineral metabolism disordersMineral metabolism disordersMineral metabolism disordersMineral metabolism disordersPeriodic paralysis with hypokalemiaIron deficiency anemiaMetabolismCalcium in dietMagnesium in dietPhosphorus in dietPotassium in dietSelenium in dietSodium in dietHypophosphatemiaRhabdomyolysisHyperparathyroidismHypoparathyroidismBartter syndromeHypokalemic periodic paralysisHyperaldosteronism - primary and secondaryCushing’s diseaseProximal renal tubular acidosisDistal renal tubular acidosisFanconi syndromeAddison’s diseaseKidney diseaseHemochromatosisCirrhosisCopper in dietWilson's diseaseMenkes syndromeNephrocalcinosisPseudohypoparathyroidismHypercalcemiaOsteoporosisMovement - unpredictable or jerkyKidney stonesMilk-alkali syndromePaget’s diseaseMultiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) IOsteomalaciaRicketsHyponatremiaHypomagnesemiaVentricular assist device2007-03-27 13:52:32.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:11:21.0Ventricular assist deviceVentricular assist deviceVentricular assist deviceVentricular assist deviceChronic kidney diseaseLiver diseaseHeart failureThyroid nodule2006-11-04 00:54:56.0ADAM2010-05-07 17:51:42.0Thyroid noduleThyroid noduleThyroid noduleThyroid noduleMalignancyThyroid cancerMultiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) IIMedullary carcinoma of thyroidLaryngeal nerve damageChronic thyroiditis (Hashimoto’s disease)Parathyroid cancer2006-11-04 00:54:54.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:30:23.0Parathyroid cancerParathyroid cancerParathyroid cancerParathyroid cancerMalignancyCalcium in dietMultiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) INewborn screening tests2006-11-04 00:54:45.0ADAM2010-05-07 17:51:42.0Newborn screening testsNewborn screening testsNewborn screening testsNewborn screening testsCystic fibrosisSickle cell anemiaMaple syrup urine diseaseAPGARNeonatal hypothyroidismGalactosemiaPhenylketonuriaCongenital adrenal hyperplasiaNeonatal cystic fibrosis screeningGlucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiencyMethylmalonic acidemiaHearing loss - infantsUnicompartmental knee arthroplasty2006-11-04 00:54:44.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:45:52.0Unicompartmental knee arthroplastyUnicompartmental knee arthroplastyKnee replacement - partialUnicompartmental knee arthroplastyKnee joint19309 419309 5Cartilage covers the end of bones in joints to provide shock absorption during movement. The synovium is the membrane that surrounds the joint and is filled with synovial fluid, which provides nutrients and oxygen to the cartilage.Partial knee replacement - series2007-03-27 13:10:02.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:45:51.0The structure of a joint19399 419399 5Joints, particularly hinge joints like the elbow and the knee, are complex structures made up of bone, muscles, synovium, cartilage, and ligaments that are designed to bear weight and move the body through space. The knee consists of the femur (thigh bone) above, and the tibia (shin bone) and fibula below. The kneecap (patella) glides through a shallow groove on the front part of the lower thigh bone. Ligaments and tendons connect the three bones of the knee, which are contained in the joint capsule (synovium) and are cushioned by cartilage.ArthritisNecrosisOverweightKnee joint replacementGeneral anesthesiaSpinal and epidural anesthesiaProsthesisOsteoarthritisOsteonecrosisOsteomalaciaUmbilical catheters2006-11-04 00:54:35.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:06:12.0Umbilical cathetersUmbilical cathetersUmbilical catheter21732 421732 5An umbilical catheter is a long, soft plastic tube (usually made of silicone) that is placed in the umbilical cord either through the umbilical artery or umbilical vein to allow IV fluids and medications to be given over an extended period of time.Blood pressureMechanical ventilator - infantsBlood clotsNICU house staffNICU consultants and support staff2006-11-04 00:54:35.0ADAM2010-05-10 10:44:37.0NICU consultants and support staffNICU consultants and support staffAudiologyElectrocardiogramEchocardiogramCardiac catheterizationBiopsyIntravenousHepatitisCholestasisUltrasoundCancerCBCMeningitisCerebral spinal fluid (CSF) collectionDiabetesSeizuresEEGCT scanMRISkull fractureBroken boneNecrotizing enterocolitisBarium enemaUnilateral hydronephrosisHypospadiasX-rayDevelopmental milestonesPremature infantHydrocephalusRetinopathy of prematurityNeonatal respiratory distress syndromeBronchopulmonary dysplasiaCentral venous line - infants2006-11-04 00:54:34.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:35:34.0Central venous line - infantsCentral venous line - infantsCentral venous catheter21731 421731 5A central venous catheter is a long, soft plastic tube (usually made of silicone) that is placed via a small cut in the neck, chest, or groin into a large vein in the chest to allow IV fluids and medications to be given over an extended period of time.X-rayBlood clotsPercutaneously inserted central catheter - infantsPercutaneously inserted central catheter - infants2006-11-04 00:54:33.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:48:11.0Percutaneously inserted central catheter - infantsPercutaneously inserted central catheter - infantsX-rayPeripheral arterial line - infants2006-11-04 00:54:33.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:19:36.0Peripheral arterial line - infantsPeripheral arterial line - infantsBlood pressureMechanical ventilator - infantsIntravenousNICU house staffOxygen therapy - infants2006-11-04 00:54:32.0ADAM2010-05-10 10:44:37.0Oxygen therapy - infantsOxygen therapy - infantsNasal CPAPMechanical ventilator - infantsTotal parenteral nutrition - infants2006-11-04 00:54:31.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:53:18.0Total parenteral nutrition - infantsTotal parenteral nutrition - infantsIntravenous fluid sites21775 421775 5Intravenous (IV) lines are often placed into a vein in the hand, foot, or scalp of babies who are too sick to get all of their feedings and fluids by mouth. The belly button also has a large vessel that may be used for intravenous fluids. Sometimes a large IV called a central line or PICC line is placed by sterile technique or by surgery to provide long-term, highly concentrated intravenous fluid.IntravenousMechanical ventilator - infants2006-11-04 00:54:31.0ADAM2010-05-10 10:44:37.0Mechanical ventilator - infantsMechanical ventilator - infantsBlood gasesX-rayCollapsed lungPremature infantBronchopulmonary dysplasiaInfant of a substance-abusing mother2006-11-04 00:54:31.0ADAM2010-10-08 09:51:29.0Infant of a substance-abusing motherInfant of a substance-abusing motherSubstance abuse during pregnancy21728 421728 5The fetus grows and develops due to the nourishment from the mother via the placenta. Along with nutrients, any toxins in the mother's system may be delivered to the fetus. These toxins often cause damage to the fragile, developing fetal organs. Depending on the organs affected, long-term effects may be severe, including mental problems such as retardation and seizures.Drug dependenceBabies and diarrheaSeizuresFetal alcohol syndromeHome apnea monitor - infants2006-11-04 00:54:30.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:56:44.0Home apnea monitor - infantsHome apnea monitor - infantsBreathing - slowed or stoppedPulseGastroesophageal reflux in infantsSudden infant death syndromeFeeding tube - infants2006-11-04 00:54:29.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:28:29.0Feeding tube - infantsFeeding tube - infantsFeeding tube21726 421726 5A feeding tube is a small, soft, plastic tube placed through the nose or mouth into the stomach. A feeding tube is used to provide food and medicine into the stomach until a person can take food by mouth.Premature infantInfant formulasBreastfeedingNasal congestionExtra-corporeal membrane oxygenation2006-11-04 00:54:28.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:46:38.0Extra-corporeal membrane oxygenationExtra-corporeal membrane oxygenationECMO21725 421725 5ECMO stands for Extra Corporeal Membrane Oxygenation. ECMO is used in infants who are extremely ill due to breathing or heart problems. The ECMO machine circulates blood through an artificial lung back into the bloodstream. This provides adequate oxygen to the baby while allowing time for the lungs and heart to "rest" or heal.Meconium aspiration syndromePneumoniaHypertensionPeriventricular leukomalacia2006-11-04 00:54:25.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:47:38.0Periventricular leukomalaciaPeriventricular leukomalaciaPeriventricular leukomalaciaPeriventricular leukomalaciaPremature infantOsteopenia - premature infants2006-11-04 00:54:24.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:27:49.0Osteopenia - premature infantsOsteopenia - premature infantsOsteopenia - premature infantsOsteopenia - premature infantsBroken bonePremature infantCholestasisHyperglycemia - infants2006-11-04 00:54:20.0ADAM2010-05-07 17:51:42.0Hyperglycemia - infantsHyperglycemia - infantsHyperglycemia - infantsHyperglycemia - infantsHyperglycemia21724 421724 5Islets of Langerhans contain beta cells and are located within the pancreas. Beta cells produce insulin. Insulin is the main hormone in the body that regulates glucose.DiabetesApnea of prematurity2006-11-04 00:54:19.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:37:21.0Apnea of prematurityApnea of prematurityApnea of prematurityApnea of prematurityApnea monitor21727 421727 5An apnea monitor checks the heart rate and respiration of the baby to make sure he or she is breathing properly. When either one falls below normal levels, the apnea monitor beeps to notify the care provider that something may be wrong. Newborns, especially preemies, are often put on an apnea monitor to observe their breathing patterns.Breathing - slowed or stoppedAnemiaPregnancy carePregnancy care2006-11-04 00:54:08.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:16:57.0Pregnancy carePregnancy careBack pain - lowJoint painNausea and vomitingHeartburnHeadacheFrequent or urgent urinationMuscle crampsConstipationDiabetesRubellaProtein - urineAbortion - surgicalFeverVaginal bleeding between periodsMeniscal allograft transplantationMeniscal allograft transplantation2006-11-04 00:54:02.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:48:11.0Meniscal allograft transplantationMeniscal allograft transplantationMeniscal allograft transplantationMeniscal allograft transplantationKnee arthroscopyACL reconstructionACL reconstruction2006-11-04 00:54:00.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:41:31.0ACL reconstructionACL reconstructionACL reconstructionACL reconstructionAnesthesiaKnee arthroscopyDiabetesHeart diseaseRotator cuff repairRotator cuff repair2006-11-04 00:53:59.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:15:01.0Rotator cuff repairRotator cuff repairRotator cuff repairRotator cuff repairRotator cuff repair - series2007-03-27 13:10:02.0ADAM2010-05-07 17:51:42.0Shoulder arthroscopyShoulder arthroscopyShoulder arthroscopy2006-11-04 00:53:58.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:47:16.0Shoulder arthroscopyShoulder arthroscopyShoulder arthroscopyShoulder arthroscopyShoulder arthroscopy21743 421743 5Shoulder arthroscopy is a type of surgery to examine or repair the tissues inside or around your shoulder joint. The procedure uses a small camera, called an arthroscope, which is inserted through a small incision. If the surgeon is going to repair the joint, small surgical instruments are also used, such as a shaver to remove unwanted tissue.Knee arthroscopyRotator cuff repairArthroscopyAnesthesiaDiabetesHeart diseaseHair transplantHair transplant2006-11-04 00:53:56.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:37:10.0Hair transplantHair transplantHair transplantHair transplantSkin layers8912 48912 5The skin is the largest organ of the body.AnesthesiaCochlear implantCochlear implant2006-11-04 00:53:54.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:27:22.0Cochlear implantCochlear implantEar anatomy1092 41092 5The ear consists of external, middle, and inner structures. The eardrum and the three tiny bones conduct sound from the eardrum to the cochlea.CT scanHead MRIMeningitisImplantable cardioverter-defibrillatorImplantable cardioverter-defibrillator2006-11-04 00:53:52.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:10:50.0Implantable cardioverter-defibrillatorImplantable cardioverter-defibrillatorNormal heart rhythm18032 418032 5An electrocardiogram (ECG) test measures the electrical activity of the heart. A normal resting heart rate is 60 - 100 beats per minute.Heart, front view1097 41097 5The external structures of the heart include the ventricles, atria, arteries and veins. Arteries carry blood away from the heart while veins carry blood into the heart. The vessels colored blue indicate the transport of blood with relatively low content of oxygen and high content of carbon dioxide. The vessels colored red indicate the transport of blood with relatively high content of oxygen and low content of carbon dioxide.Heart, section through the middle1056 41056 5The interior of the heart is composed of valves, chambers, and associated vessels.Conduction system of the heart18052 418052 5The intrinsic conduction system sets the basic rhythm of the beating heart by generating impulses which stimulate the heart to contract.PacemakerVentricular fibrillationVentricular tachycardiaCardioversionDilated cardiomyopathyHypertrophic cardiomyopathyIntracardiac electrophysiology study (EPS)Thallium stress testThallium and sestamibi stress tests2006-11-04 00:53:51.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:29:41.0Thallium stress testThallium stress testThallium stress testThallium stress testAnterior heart arteries9367 49367 5The coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscle. The right coronary artery supplies both the left and the right heart; the left coronary artery supplies the left heart.Nuclear scan19100 419100 5A radiotracer is injected into a peripheral vein. As the radiotracer decays, gamma radiation is emitted and is detected by a Gamma camera. When the tracer has collected in the target organ the area is scanned. Radionuclide scans can detect abnormalities such as fractures, bone infections, arthritis, rickets, and tumors that have spread, among other diseases.Chest painHeart attackVentricular fibrillationVentricular fibrillation2006-11-04 00:53:49.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:36:04.0Ventricular fibrillationVentricular fibrillationVentricular fibrillationVentricular fibrillationHeart, front view1097 41097 5The external structures of the heart include the ventricles, atria, arteries and veins. Arteries carry blood away from the heart while veins carry blood into the heart. The vessels colored blue indicate the transport of blood with relatively low content of oxygen and high content of carbon dioxide. The vessels colored red indicate the transport of blood with relatively high content of oxygen and low content of carbon dioxide.Heart, section through the middle1056 41056 5The interior of the heart is composed of valves, chambers, and associated vessels.ArrhythmiasCongenital heart diseaseHeart attackCardiomyopathyIschemic cardiomyopathyBody mass indexBody mass index2006-11-04 00:53:42.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:21:33.0Body mass indexCalculating body frame size17182 4Learn here how to determine your body frame size.17182 5Body frame size is determined by a person's wrist circumference in relation to his height. For example, a man whose height is over 5' 5" and wrist is 6" would fall into the small-boned category.Determining frame size: To determine the body frame size, measure the wrist with a tape measure and use the following chart to determine whether the person is small, medium, or large boned.Women:Height under 5'2" Small = wrist size less than 5.5"Medium = wrist size 5.5" to 5.75"Large = wrist size over 5.75"Height 5'2" to 5' 5" Small = wrist size less than 6"Medium = wrist size 6" to 6.25"Large = wrist size over 6.25"Height over 5' 5" Small = wrist size less than 6.25"Medium = wrist size 6.25" to 6.5"Large = wrist size over 6.5"Men:Height over 5' 5" Small = wrist size 5.5" to 6.5"Medium = wrist size 6.5" to 7.5"Large = wrist size over 7.5"High blood pressureObstructive sleep apneaType 2 diabetesCell phones - do they cause cancer?Cell phones - do they cause cancer?2006-11-04 00:53:25.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:19:06.0Cell phones - do they cause cancer?Cell phones - do they cause cancer?Stress echocardiographyStress Echocardiography2006-11-04 00:53:25.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:50:46.0Stress echocardiographyStress echocardiographyStress echocardiographyStress echocardiographyHeart, front view1097 41097 5The external structures of the heart include the ventricles, atria, arteries and veins. Arteries carry blood away from the heart while veins carry blood into the heart. The vessels colored blue indicate the transport of blood with relatively low content of oxygen and high content of carbon dioxide. The vessels colored red indicate the transport of blood with relatively high content of oxygen and low content of carbon dioxide.Heart, section through the middle1056 41056 5The interior of the heart is composed of valves, chambers, and associated vessels.Coronary heart diseaseEchocardiogramExercise stress testAnginaStem cell researchStem cell research2006-11-04 00:53:19.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:28:15.0Stem cell researchStem cell researchIn vitro fertilization (IVF)Alzheimer’s diseaseParkinson’s diseaseCardioversionCardioversion2006-11-04 00:53:12.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:53:11.0CardioversionCardioversionImplantable cardioverter-defibrillatorPacemakerVentricular tachycardiaVentricular fibrillationArrhythmiasAtrial fibrillation/flutterImplantable cardioverter-defibrillatorHormone therapyHormone Replacement Therapy is medication containing one or more female hormones to treat symptoms of menopause. Click to learn more about it.
Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)2006-11-04 00:53:13.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:16:12.0Hormone therapyHormone therapyUterus19263 419263 5The uterus is a hollow muscular organ located in the female pelvis between the bladder and rectum. The ovaries produce the eggs that travel through the fallopian tubes. Once the egg has left the ovary it can be fertilized and implant itself in the lining of the uterus. The main function of the uterus is to nourish the developing fetus prior to birth.HysterectomyMenopauseOsteoporosisUrinary incontinenceDeep venous thrombosisPulmonary embolusThrombolytic therapyThrombolytic therapy (tissue plasminogen activator - tPA)2006-11-04 00:53:11.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:36:53.0Thrombolytic therapyThrombolytic therapyThrombus18120 418120 5A thrombus is a blood clot that forms in a vessel and remains there. An embolism is a clot that travels from the site where it formed to another location in the body. Thrombi or emboli can lodge in a blood vessel and block the flow of blood in that location depriving tissues of normal blood flow and oxygen. This can result in damage, destruction (infarction), or even death of the tissues (necrosis) in that area.Stroke17133 417133 5A stroke involves loss of brain functions caused by a loss of blood circulation to areas of the brain. The blockage usually occurs when a clot or piece of atherosclerotic plaque breaks away from another area of the body and lodges within the vasculature of the brain.Hemorrhagic strokeElectrocardiogramHeart attackStrokePlantar fasciitisPlantar fasciitis2006-11-04 00:53:01.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:18:33.0Plantar fasciitisPlantar fasciitisPlantar fasciitisPlantar fasciitisPlantar fascia19567 419567 5The plantar fascia is a very thick band of tissue that covers the bones on the bottom of the foot. It extends from the heel to the bones of the ball of the foot and acts like a rubber band to create tension which maintains the arch of the foot. If the band is long it allows the arch of the foot to be low, which is most commonly known as having a flat foot. A short band of tissue causes a high arch. This fascia can become inflamed and painful in some people, making walking more difficult.Plantar fasciitis19568 419568 5Inflammation (irritation and swelling with presence of extra immune cells) of the plantar fascia can cause heel pain and make walking difficult. Some risk factors for development of this problem include foot arch problems (both flat foot and high arches), obesity, sudden weight gain, running and a tight Achilles tendon.Heart bypass surgery - minimally invasiveMinimally invasive heart surgery2006-11-04 00:52:53.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:40:33.0Heart bypass surgery - minimally invasiveHeart bypass surgery - minimally invasiveMinimally invasive heart surgeryHeart bypass surgery - minimally invasivePosterior heart arteries18037 418037 5The coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscle. The right coronary artery supplies both the left and the right heart; the left coronary artery supplies the left heart.Anterior heart arteries9367 49367 5The coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscle. The right coronary artery supplies both the left and the right heart; the left coronary artery supplies the left heart.Heart bypass surgery - seriesHeart bypass surgery - series2007-03-27 13:09:40.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:32:17.0Coronary artery stent9949 49949 5An intraluminal coronary artery stent is a small, self-expanding, stainless steel mesh tube that is placed within a coronary artery to keep the vessel open. It may be used during a coronary artery bypass graft surgery to keep the grafted vessel open, after balloon angioplasty to prevent reclosure of the blood vessel, or during other heart surgeries.Heart, front view1097 41097 5The external structures of the heart include the ventricles, atria, arteries and veins. Arteries carry blood away from the heart while veins carry blood into the heart. The vessels colored blue indicate the transport of blood with relatively low content of oxygen and high content of carbon dioxide. The vessels colored red indicate the transport of blood with relatively high content of oxygen and low content of carbon dioxide.Heart bypass surgeryAngioplasty and stent placement - heartAnginaAging changes in the sensesAging changes in the senses2006-11-04 00:52:38.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:44:44.0Aging changes in the sensesAging changes in the sensesSmelling200014 4Tasting200015 4Sense of sight8687 48687 5Vision occurs when light is processed by the eye and interpreted by the brain. Light passes through the transparent eye surface (cornea). The pupil (the black opening in the front of the eye) is an opening to the eye interior. It can get larger or smaller to regulate the amount of light entering the eye. The colored portion (iris) is really a muscle controlling the pupil size. The inside of the eye is filled with a gel-like fluid. There is a flexible, transparent lens that focuses light so it hits on the back of the eye (the retina). The retina converts light energy into a nerve impulse that is carried to the brain and then interpreted.Aged eye anatomy8688 48688 5With age, the lens may become misshaped and the corneal tissue may become clouded.Hearing aids8685 48685 5Some hearing loss is almost inevitable with age. It is estimated that 30% of all people over 65 have significant hearing impairment. Conductive hearing loss occurs when sound has problems getting through the external and middle ear. Surgery or a hearing aid may be helpful for this type of hearing loss.Tongue8686 48686 5The tongue is mainly composed of muscles. It is covered with a mucous membrane. Small nodules of tissue (papillae) cover the upper surface of the tongue. Between the papillae are the taste buds, which provide the sense of taste. In addition to taste, the tongue functions in moving food to aid chewing and swallowing, and it is important in speech.Hearing and the cochlea200057 4Aging changes in hearing8683 48683 5With aging, ear structures deteriorate. The eardrum often thickens and the inner ear bones and other structures are affected.Seeing200013 4Feeling pain200009 4Age-related hearing lossHearing lossWax blockageTinnitusIrisRetinaVisual acuity testPresbyopiaCataractVisual fieldPeripheralGlaucomaMacular degenerationDiabetic retinopathyTaste - impairedBrain surgeryConfusionDiabetesAppendicitisFrostbiteHypothermiaBurnsUlcersAging changes in organs - tissue - cellsAging changes in skinAging changes in the bones - muscles - jointsAging changes in the faceAging changes in the nervous systemAging changes in the lungsAging changes in the lungs2006-11-04 00:52:36.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:00:36.0Aging changes in the lungsAging changes in the lungsBreathing200020 4Respiratory cilia19533 419533 5The bronchus in the lungs are lined with hair-like projections called cilia that move microbes and debris up and out of the airways. Scattered throughout the cilia are goblet cells that secrete mucus which helps protect the lining of the bronchus and trap microorganisms.Changes in lung tissue with age8676 48676 5Lung tissue atrophies and is not as efficient with age.Gas exchange200022 4KyphosisScoliosisFaintingPneumoniaCoughAntibodyObstructive sleep apneaBronchitisAging changes in organs - tissue - cellsAging changes in the bones - muscles - jointsAging changes in the heart and blood vesselsAging changes in vital signsAging changes in organs - tissue - cellsAging changes in organs - tissue - cells2006-11-04 00:52:36.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:10:03.0Aging changes in organs - tissue - cellsAging changes in organs - tissue - cellsTissue types8682 48682 5There are 4 basic types of tissue: connective tissue, epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. Connective tissue supports other tissues and binds them together (bone, blood, and lymph tissues). Epithelial tissue provides a covering (skin, the linings of the various passages inside the body). Muscle tissue includes striated (also called voluntary) muscles that move the skeleton, and smooth muscle, such as the muscles that surround the stomach. Nerve tissue is made up of nerve cells (neurons) and is used to carry "messages" to and from various parts of the body.Nerve conduction200011 4Nerve conductionEpitheliumLipofuscinHeart failureMetabolismHyperplasiaAging changes in hormone productionAging changes in immunityAging changes in skinAging changes in sleepAging changes in the bones - muscles - jointsAging changes in the breastAging changes in the faceAging changes in the female reproductive systemAging changes in the heart and blood vesselsAging changes in the kidneysAging changes in the lungsAging changes in the male reproductive systemAging changes in the nervous systemAging changes in the kidneysAging changes in the kidneys2006-11-04 00:52:35.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:16:51.0Aging changes in the kidneysAging changes in the kidneysChanges in kidney with age8674 48674 5The kidney atrophies and is not as productive with age.ElectrolytesStress incontinenceVaginaDehydrationAcute kidney failureChronic kidney diseaseUrinary incontinenceUrinary tract infection - adultsProstate cancerEnlarged prostateAtrophic vaginitisAging changes in the bones - muscles - jointsAging changes in the male reproductive systemAging changes in organs - tissue - cellsAging changes in immunityAging changes in immunity2006-11-04 00:52:34.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:27:33.0Aging changes in immunityAging changes in immunityImmune system structures8673 48673 5The immune system protects the body from potentially harmful substances. The inflammatory response (inflammation) is part of innate immunity. It occurs when tissues are injured by bacteria, trauma, toxins, heat, or any other cause.The fluCancerWalking abnormalitiesArthritisTetanusPneumoniaInfluenza vaccineHepatitisBalanced dietAlcohol useSafetyAging changes in hormone productionAging changes in organs - tissue - cellsAging changes in hair and nailsAging changes in hair and nails2006-11-04 00:52:33.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:39:47.0Aging changes in hair and nailsAging changes in hair and nailsAging changes in nails8671 48671 5The nails change with aging, growing more slowly, and becoming dull and brittle. The color may change from translucent to yellowed and opaque. Nails, especially toenails, may become hard and thick and ingrown toenails may be more common. The tips of the fingernails may fragment. Sometimes, lengthwise (longitudinal) ridges will develop in the fingernails and toenails. This can be a normal aging change. However, some nail changes can be caused by infections, nutritional problems, trauma, and other problems.Aged hair follicle8670 48670 5Aged hair follicles are no longer as prepared for new hair growth.Hair follicle of young person8669 48669 5Hair color is caused by a pigment (melanin) that is produced by the hair follicle. With aging, the follicle produces less melanin.MelaninHair lossMale pattern baldnessFemale pattern baldnessAging changes in skinAging changes in the faceNail abnormalitiesAging changes in the faceAging changes in the face2006-11-04 00:52:32.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:21:10.0Aging changes in the faceAging changes in the faceChanges in face with age8665 48665 5Facial skin tends to wrinkle with age.WrinklesWax blockageEyelid droopingIrisAging changes in body shapeAging changes in hair and nailsAging changes in organs - tissue - cellsAging changes in skinAging changes in hormone productionAging changes in hormone production2006-11-04 00:52:29.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:34:00.0Aging changes in hormone productionAging changes in hormone productionMenopause17252 417252 5Menopause is the transition in a woman's life when the ovaries stop releasing eggs, menstrual activity decreases and eventually ceases, and the body decreases the production of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone.Female reproductive anatomy9433 49433 5The female reproductive organs are located in the lower abdomen.Endocrine glandsHypothalamusTSHMetabolismThyroid function testsOsteoporosisGlucose test - bloodAdrenal glandsAldosteroneElectrolytesTestosteroneGrowth hormone testReninProlactinPTHT3T4 testCatecholamines - bloodAging changes in immunityAging changes in organs - tissue - cellsAging changes in the male reproductive systemMenopauseDiabetes foot careDiabetes foot care2006-11-04 00:52:07.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:35:03.0Diabetes foot careDiabetes foot careDiabetic foot care8637 48637 5Diabetics must take special care of their fingers and toes to be sure they are receiving adequate blood supply.Diabetic foot care17149 417149 5People with diabetes are prone to foot problems because the disease can cause damage to the blood vessels and nerves, which may result in decreased ability to sense a trauma to the foot. The immune system is also altered, so that the diabetic cannot efficiently fight infection.NecrosisDiabetesDiabetic neuropathyFrostbiteBone marrow biopsyBone marrow biopsy2006-11-04 00:52:03.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:31:26.0Bone marrow biopsyBone marrow biopsyBone marrow biopsyBone marrow biopsyBone biopsy9754 49754 5A bone biopsy is performed by making a small incision into the skin. A biopsy needle retrieves a sample of bone and it is sent for examination. The most common reasons for bone lesion biopsy are to distinguish between benign and malignant bone tumors, and to identify other bone abnormalities. Bone biopsy may also be performed to determine the cause of bone pain and tenderness.Bone marrow aspiration1129 41129 5A small amount of bone marrow is removed during a bone marrow aspiration. The procedure is uncomfortable, but can be tolerated by both children and adults. The marrow can be studied to determine the cause of anemia, the presence of leukemia or other malignancy, or the presence of some "storage diseases" in which abnormal metabolic products are stored in certain bone marrow cells.AllergiesInfant test/procedure preparationToddler test or procedure preparationPreschooler test or procedure preparationSchool age test or procedure preparationAdolescent test or procedure preparationCancerBiopsyPlatelet countCBCAnemiaLymph node biopsyLymph node biopsy2006-11-04 00:52:02.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:00:21.0Lymph node biopsyLymph node biopsyLymph node biopsyLymph node biopsyLymph node metastases, CT scan1184 41184 5A CT scan of the middle abdomen showing a large tumor mass due to metastasis (spreading cancer) in abdominal lymph nodes.Lymphatic system1104 41104 5The lymphatic system filters fluid from around cells. It is an important part of the immune system. When people refer to swollen glands in the neck, they are usually referring to swollen lymph nodes. Common areas where lymph nodes can be easily felt, especially if they are enlarged, are: the groin, armpits (axilla), above the clavicle (supraclavicular), in the neck (cervical), and the back of the head just above hairline (occipital).CancerBiopsyDrug allergiesSwollen lymph nodesEEGEEG2006-11-04 00:51:59.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:28:12.0EEGEEGEEGEEGBrain1074 41074 5The major areas of the brain have one or more specific functions.Brain wave monitor8730 48730 5The brainstem auditory evoked response test (BAER), is performed to help diagnose nervous-system abnormalities, hearing losses (especially in low-birth weight newborns), and to assess neurologic functions. The test focuses on changes and responses in brain waves. The brain waves are stimulated by a clicking sound to evaluate the central auditory pathways of the brainstem.EpilepsyConsciousness - decreasedConfusionHead injurySleep disordersSynovial biopsySynovial biopsy2006-11-04 00:51:47.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:58:15.0Synovial biopsySynovial biopsySynovial biopsySynovial biopsySynovial biopsy9524 49524 5A synovial biopsy takes a sample of synovial tissue which is tissue that lines the joint. The test is performed to help diagnose gout, bacterial infections, and other infections.BiopsyArthroscopyDrug allergiesGoutAmniocentesisAmniocentesis2006-11-04 00:51:46.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:15:38.0AmniocentesisAmniocentesisAmniocentesisAmniocentesisAmniocentesis1062 41062 5Amniocentesis is used to determine the health of an unborn baby. Amniotic fluid contains cells that are normally shed from the fetus. Samples of these cells are obtained by withdrawing some amniotic fluid. The chromosome analysis of these cells can be performed to determine abnormalities. In addition, the cells may be cultured and analyzed for enzymes, or for other materials that may indicate genetically transmitted diseases. Other studies can be done directly on the amniotic fluid including measurement of alpha-fetoprotein.Amniocentesis - series2007-03-27 13:09:41.0ADAM2010-05-07 17:51:42.0Amniocentesis9631 49631 5In amniocentesis a hollow needle is inserted into the mother's abdomen into the uterus, and amniotic fluid is drawn for analysis.UltrasoundPregnancy ultrasoundBlood typingAnencephalyDown syndromeMyelomeningoceleRh incompatibilityPregnanediolPregnanediol2006-11-04 00:51:33.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:52:18.0PregnanediolPregnanediolPregnanediolPregnanediolFemale urinary tract1122 41122 5The female and male urinary tracts are relatively the same except for the length of the urethra.Male urinary tract1123 41123 5The male and female urinary tracts are relatively the same except for the length of the urethra.MetabolismUrine 24-hour volumeACTHAdrenal glandsCervical biopsyCervical biopsy2006-11-04 00:51:29.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:33:03.0Cervical biopsyCervical biopsyCervical biopsyCervical biopsyCervical biopsy17032 417032 5In a cervical punch biopsy, the cervix may be stained with iodine solution in order to see abnormalities better. These areas of tissue are then sampled and examined.Colposcopy-directed biopsy17041 417041 5A colposcopy-directed biopsy is a procedure in which the cervix is examined with a colposcope for abnormalities and a tissue sample is taken.Uterus19263 419263 5The uterus is a hollow muscular organ located in the female pelvis between the bladder and rectum. The ovaries produce the eggs that travel through the fallopian tubes. Once the egg has left the ovary it can be fertilized and implant itself in the lining of the uterus. The main function of the uterus is to nourish the developing fetus prior to birth.Female reproductive anatomy1112 41112 5External structures of the female reproductive anatomy include the labium minora and majora, the vagina and the clitoris. Internal structures include the uterus, ovaries and cervix.Cold cone biopsy17040 417040 5The cold cone biopsy is a surgical procedure requiring general anesthesia and is indicated by the presence of precancerous changes in the cervix.BiopsyCervixColposcopy - directed biopsyVaginaPap smearRenal biopsyRenal biopsy2006-11-04 00:51:19.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:47:41.0Renal biopsyRenal biopsyRenal biopsyRenal biopsyKidney anatomy1101 41101 5The kidneys are responsible for removing wastes from the body, regulating electrolyte balance and blood pressure, and stimulating red blood cell production.Renal biopsy8902 48902 5In renal biopsy, a small sample of kidney tissue is removed with a needle. The test is sometimes used to evaluate a transplanted kidney. It is also used to evaluate an unexplained decrease in kidney function, persistent blood in the urine, or protein in the urine.Kidney - blood and urine flow1704 41704 5This is the typical appearance of the blood vessels (vasculature) and urine flow pattern in the kidney. The blood vessels are shown in red and the urine flow pattern in yellow.BiopsyUrine - bloodyProtein - urineThyroid excisional biopsyThyroid excisional biopsy2006-11-04 00:51:10.0ADAM2007-10-20 15:32:24.0Thyroid excisional biopsyThyroid excisional biopsyThyroid excisional biopsyThyroid excisional biopsyEndocrine glands1093 41093 5Endocrine glands release hormones (chemical messengers) into the bloodstream to be transported to various organs and tissues throughout the body. For instance, the pancreas secretes insulin, which allows the body to regulate levels of sugar in the blood. The thyroid gets instructions from the pituitary to secrete hormones which determine the pace of chemical activity in the body (the more hormone in the bloodstream, the faster the chemical activity; the less hormone, the slower the activity).Incision for thyroid gland surgery8965 4Incision for thyroid gland surgeryThe thyroid is a gland located in the neck. It is a part of the endocrine (hormone) system, and plays a major role in regulating the body's metabolism. If surgery or an open excisional biopsy is needed, a small horizontal incision is created at the base of the neck to gain access to the thyroid gland.Thyroid cancer - CT scan1204 41204 5This CT scan of the upper chest (thorax) shows a malignant thyroid tumor (cancer). The dark area around the trachea (marked by the white U-shaped tip of the respiratory tube) is an area where normal tissue has been eroded and died (necrosis) as a result of tumor growth.