HealthCentralcm.own.healthcentralgeneralhealth77nonenone2001Healthcentral.com is one of the most trusted sources of medical information and up to date news and contains a doctor-approved health encyclopedia of diseases and conditions, the ability to find symptoms and treatments. Also drug information with side effects and interactions./home/sites/healthcentralwww.healthcentral.com/HealthCentral : Therapy/ProceduresTherapy/Procedures - Diseases and Conditions, Treatments, General Health InformationTherapy/Procedures - Diseases and Conditions, Treatments, General Health InformationTherapy/ProceduresbreastcancerwomenshealthHealthCentralHealth BizTherapy/Procedureshttp://www.healthcentral.com/channel/408/1545.htmlhttp://www.healthcentral.com/channel/408/1545_pf.htmlChannel Page179904Therapy/Procedures1545.htmlTherapy/ProceduresADAM Encyclopedia (more_index_1_8_7)Root canal2007-03-27 13:52:37.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:55:52.0Root canalRoot canalRoot canalRoot canalStereotactic radiosurgery2007-03-27 13:52:36.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:41:56.0Stereotactic radiosurgeryStereotactic radiosurgeryStereotactic radiosurgeryStereotactic radiosurgeryRadiation therapyAcoustic neuromaArteriovenous malformation - cerebralPituitary tumorEpilepsyTrigeminal neuralgiaMRICT scanLung cancer2007-03-27 13:52:33.0ADAM2010-02-05 11:32:26.0Lung cancerLung cancerLung cancerLung cancerLung cancer - non-small cellLung cancer - small cellMetastatic cancer to the lungOsteonecrosis2006-11-04 00:54:49.0ADAM2010-05-10 10:44:37.0OsteonecrosisOsteonecrosisOsteonecrosisOsteonecrosisAseptic necrosis21730 421730 5Aseptic necrosis is bone death caused from a disruption in the
blood supply. It is most common in the hip, knee, and shoulder.Chronic gouty arthritisBroken boneDislocationSickle cell anemiaRadiation therapyGaucher diseaseAtherosclerosisDiabetesLegg-Calve-Perthes diseaseUnicompartmental knee arthroplasty2006-11-04 00:54:44.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:45:52.0Unicompartmental knee arthroplastyUnicompartmental knee arthroplastyKnee replacement - partialUnicompartmental knee arthroplastyKnee joint19309 419309 5Cartilage covers the end of bones in joints to provide shock
absorption during movement. The synovium is the membrane that
surrounds the joint and is filled with synovial fluid, which
provides nutrients and oxygen to the cartilage.Partial knee replacement - series2007-03-27 13:10:02.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:45:51.0The structure of a joint19399 419399 5Joints, particularly hinge joints like the elbow and the knee, are
complex structures made up of bone, muscles, synovium, cartilage,
and ligaments that are designed to bear weight and move the body
through space. The knee consists of the femur (thigh bone) above,
and the tibia (shin bone) and fibula below. The kneecap (patella)
glides through a shallow groove on the front part of the lower
thigh bone. Ligaments and tendons connect the three bones of the
knee, which are contained in the joint capsule (synovium) and are
cushioned by cartilage.ArthritisNecrosisOverweightKnee joint replacementGeneral anesthesiaSpinal and epidural anesthesiaProsthesisOsteoarthritisOsteonecrosisOsteomalaciaDiskectomy2006-11-04 00:54:38.0ADAM2010-02-05 11:32:26.0DiskectomyDiskectomyMicrodiskectomyDiskectomySpinal stenosis9941 49941 5Spinal stenosis is a narrowing of the lumbar or cervical spinal
canal. The narrowing can cause compression on nerve roots resulting
in pain or weakness of the legs. Medications or steroid injections
are often administered to reduce inflammation. If the pain is
persistent and does not respond to these conservative measures,
surgery is considered to relieve the pressure on the nerves.Herniated nucleus pulposis9700 49700 5Herniated nucleus pulposus is a condition in which part or all of
the soft, gelatinous central portion of an intervertebral disk is
forced through a weakened part of the disk, resulting in back pain
and nerve root irritation.Spine supporting structures19528 419528 5The spine is surrounded by many muscles and ligaments which give it
great strength and flexibility. If these muscles or ligaments
become damaged, back pain results.Cauda equina19504 419504 5The spinal cord ends in the lumbar area and continues through the
vertebral canal as spinal nerves. Because of its resemblance to a
horse's tail, the collection of these nerves at the end of the
spinal cord is called the cauda equina. These nerves send and
receive messages to and from the lower limbs and pelvic organs.Microdiskectomy - series2007-03-27 13:10:01.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:25:31.0Skeletal spine1116 41116 5The spine is divided into several sections. The cervical vertebrae
make up the neck. The thoracic vertebrae comprise the chest section
and have ribs attached. The lumbar vertebrae are the remaining
vertebrae below the last thoracic bone and the top of the sacrum.
The sacral vertebrae are caged within the bones of the pelvis, and
the coccyx represents the terminal vertebrae or vestigial tail.Herniated diskSpinal surgery - lumbarTractionSciaticaHerniaLaminectomyForaminotomySpinal fusionAnesthesiaDiabetesHeart diseaseNICU consultants and support staff2006-11-04 00:54:35.0ADAM2010-05-10 10:44:37.0NICU consultants and support staffNICU consultants and support staffAudiologyElectrocardiogramEchocardiogramCardiac catheterizationBiopsyIntravenousHepatitisCholestasisUltrasoundCancerCBCMeningitisCerebral spinal fluid (CSF) collectionDiabetesSeizuresEEGCT scanMRISkull fractureBroken boneNecrotizing enterocolitisBarium enemaUnilateral hydronephrosisHypospadiasX-rayDevelopmental milestonesPremature infantHydrocephalusRetinopathy of prematurityNeonatal respiratory distress syndromeBronchopulmonary dysplasiaPeripheral intravenous line - infants2006-11-04 00:54:34.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:36:40.0Peripheral intravenous line - infantsPeripheral intravenous line - infantsIntravenousOxygen therapy - infants2006-11-04 00:54:32.0ADAM2010-05-10 10:44:37.0Oxygen therapy - infantsOxygen therapy - infantsNasal CPAPMechanical ventilator - infantsInfant of a substance-abusing mother2006-11-04 00:54:31.0ADAM2010-10-08 09:51:29.0Infant of a substance-abusing motherInfant of a substance-abusing motherSubstance abuse during pregnancy21728 421728 5The fetus grows and develops due to the nourishment from the mother
via the placenta. Along with nutrients, any toxins in the mother's
system may be delivered to the fetus. These toxins often cause
damage to the fragile, developing fetal organs. Depending on the
organs affected, long-term effects may be severe, including mental
problems such as retardation and seizures.Drug dependenceBabies and diarrheaSeizuresFetal alcohol syndromeExtra-corporeal membrane oxygenation2006-11-04 00:54:28.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:46:38.0Extra-corporeal membrane oxygenationExtra-corporeal membrane oxygenationECMO21725 421725 5ECMO stands for Extra Corporeal Membrane Oxygenation. ECMO is used
in infants who are extremely ill due to breathing or heart
problems. The ECMO machine circulates blood through an artificial
lung back into the bloodstream. This provides adequate oxygen to
the baby while allowing time for the lungs and heart to "rest" or
heal.Meconium aspiration syndromePneumoniaHypertensionBrain tumor - adults2006-11-04 00:54:15.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:52:06.0Brain tumor - adultsBrain tumor - adultsBrain tumor - adultsBrain tumor - adultsMetastatic brain tumorBrain tumor - childrenTumorInvasiveBenignMalignancyIncreased intracranial pressureGastric bypass surgeryGastric bypass2006-11-04 00:53:47.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:16:28.0Gastric bypass surgeryGastric bypass surgeryGastric bypassGastric bypass surgeryDumping syndrome19830 419830 5Dumping syndrome occurs when the contents of the stomach empty too
quickly into the small intestine. The partially digested food draws
excess fluid into the small intestine causing nausea, cramping,
diarrhea, sweating, faintness, and palpitations. Dumping usually
occurs after the consumption of too much simple or refined sugar in
people who have had surgery to modify or remove all or part of the
stomach.Biliopancreatic diversion (BPD)19499 419499 5Malabsorptive operations, such as biliopancreatic diversion (BPD),
restrict both food intake and the amount of calories and nutrients
the body absorbs.In a BPD procedure, portions of the stomach are
removed. The small pouch that remains is connected directly to the
final segment of the small intestine, completely bypassing the
upper part of the small intestines. A common channel remains in
which bile and pancreatic digestive juices mix prior to entering
the colon. Weight loss occurs since most of the calories and
nutrients are routed into the colon where they are not absorbed.Adjustable gastric banding19497 419497 5Restrictive gastric operations, such as an adjustable gastric
banding procedure, serve only to restrict and decrease food intake
and do not interfere with the normal digestive process.In this
procedure, a hollow band made of special material is placed around
the stomach near its upper end, creating the small pouch and a
narrow passage into the larger remaining portion of the stomach.
This small passage delays the emptying of food from the pouch and
causes a feeling of fullness.The band can be tightened or loosened
over time to change the size of the passage. Initially, the pouch
holds about 1 ounce of food and later expands to 2-3 ounces.Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch19500 419500 5Malabsorptive operations restrict both food intake and the amount
of calories and nutrients the body absorbs.In this procedure, a
larger portion of the stomach is left intact, including the pyloric
valve that regulates the release of contents from the stomach into
the small intestine. The duodenum is divided near this
valve, and the small intestine divided as well. The
portion of the small intestine connected to large intestine is
attached to the short duodenal segment next to
the stomach. The remaining segment of the duodenum
connected to the pancreas and gallbladder is
attached to this limb closer to the large intestine. Where contents
from these two segments mix is called the common channel, which
dumps into the large intestine.Roux-en-Y stomach surgery for weight loss19268 419268 5The Roux-en-Y gastric bypass procedure involves creating a stomach
pouch out of a small portion of the stomach and attaching it
directly to the small intestine, bypassing a large part of the
stomach and duodenum. Not only is the stomach pouch too small to
hold large amounts of food, but by skipping the duodenum, fat
absorption is substantially reduced.Vertical banded gastroplasty19498 419498 5Restrictive gastric operations, such as vertical banded
gastroplasty (VGB), serve only to restrict and decrease food intake
and do not interfere with the normal digestive process.In this
procedure the upper stomach near the esophagus is stapled
vertically to create a small pouch along the inner curve of the
stomach. The outlet from the pouch to the rest of the stomach is
restricted by a band made of special material. The band delays the
emptying of food from the pouch, causing a feeling of fullness.Laparoscopic gastric bandingAnesthesiaLaparoscopyHerniaGallstonesGallbladder removal - laparoscopicBody mass indexCoronary heart diseaseAsthmaType 2 diabetesHypertensionObstructive sleep apneaHigh blood cholesterol and triglyceridesGastroesophageal reflux diseaseLung cancer - non-small cellLung cancer - non-small cell2006-11-04 00:53:41.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:33:05.0Lung cancer - non-small cellLung cancer - non-small cellLung cancer - non-small cellLung cancer - non-small cellSecondhand smoke and lung cancer19349 419349 5Secondhand smoke has been classified as a known cause of lung
cancer in humans (Group A carcinogen).Vitamin B6 benefit18105 418105 5Pyridoxine, or vitamin B6, boosts the manufacture of antibodies to
support the immune system. Large doses of B6 can cause numbness and
neurological problems.Lungs1103 41103 5The major features of the lungs include the bronchi, the
bronchioles and the alveoli. The alveoli are the microscopic blood
vessel-lined sacks in which oxygen and carbon dioxide gas are
exchanged.Vitamin B3 source18104 418104 5Like most vitamins, vitamin B3 (niacin) may be obtained in the
recommended amount with a well-balanced diet, including some
enriched or fortified foods.Vitamin C benefit18107 418107 5Ascorbic acid, or vitamin C, aids in many functions of the body,
including the absorption of iron. Large doses of C do not usually
cause toxicity because, as a water-soluble vitamin, it is simply
excreted in the urine. People who tend to form kidney stones may
find their condition aggravated by vitamin C supplementation or
megadosing.Lung cancerLung cancer - small cellProstate cancer - genetic and other markersProstate cancer - genetic and other markers2006-11-04 00:53:35.0ADAM2007-10-20 15:35:11.0Prostate cancer - genetic and other markersProstate cancer - genetic and other markersPSA blood test18039 418039 5Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a glycoprotein in the cytoplasm
of prostatic epithelial cells. It can be detected in the blood of
all adult men. The PSA level is increased in men with prostate
cancer but can also be increased somewhat in other disorders of the
prostate.Prostate cancer18038 418038 5Treatment of prostate cancer varies depending on the stage of the
cancer (i.e., spread) and may include surgical removal, radiation,
chemotherapy, hormonal manipulation or a combination of these
treatments.Male reproductive anatomy1113 41113 5The male reproductive structures include the penis, the scrotum,
the seminal vesicles and the prostate.Heart disease and womenHeart disease and women2006-11-04 00:53:32.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:51:25.0Heart disease and womenHeart disease and womenAcute MI17004 417004 5A heart attack or acute myocardial infarction (MI) occurs when one
of the arteries that supplies the heart muscle becomes blocked.
Blockage may be caused by spasm of the artery or by atherosclerosis
with acute clot formation. The blockage results in damaged tissue
and a permanent loss of contraction of this portion of the heart
muscle.Heart, front view1097 41097 5The external structures of the heart include the ventricles, atria,
arteries and veins. Arteries carry blood away from the heart while
veins carry blood into the heart. The vessels colored blue indicate
the transport of blood with relatively low content of oxygen and
high content of carbon dioxide. The vessels colored red indicate
the transport of blood with relatively high content of oxygen and
low content of carbon dioxide.Heart, section through the middle1056 41056 5The interior of the heart is composed of valves, chambers, and
associated vessels.Heart attackAngioplasty and stent placement - heartBody mass indexCoronary heart diseaseAnginaAtrial fibrillation/flutterDiabetesStem cell researchStem cell research2006-11-04 00:53:19.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:28:15.0Stem cell researchStem cell researchIn vitro fertilization (IVF)Alzheimer’s diseaseParkinson’s diseaseHormone therapyHormone Replacement Therapy is medication containing one or more female hormones to treat symptoms of menopause. Click to learn more about it. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)2006-11-04 00:53:13.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:16:12.0Hormone therapyHormone therapyUterus19263 419263 5The uterus is a hollow muscular organ located in the female pelvis
between the bladder and rectum. The ovaries produce the eggs that
travel through the fallopian tubes. Once the egg has left the ovary
it can be fertilized and implant itself in the lining of the
uterus. The main function of the uterus is to nourish the
developing fetus prior to birth.HysterectomyMenopauseOsteoporosisUrinary incontinenceDeep venous thrombosisPulmonary embolusThrombolytic therapyThrombolytic therapy (tissue plasminogen activator - tPA)2006-11-04 00:53:11.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:36:53.0Thrombolytic therapyThrombolytic therapyThrombus18120 418120 5A thrombus is a blood clot that forms in a vessel and remains
there. An embolism is a clot that travels from the site where it
formed to another location in the body. Thrombi or emboli can lodge
in a blood vessel and block the flow of blood in that location
depriving tissues of normal blood flow and oxygen. This can result
in damage, destruction (infarction), or even death of the tissues
(necrosis) in that area.Stroke17133 417133 5A stroke involves loss of brain functions caused by a loss of blood
circulation to areas of the brain. The blockage usually occurs when
a clot or piece of atherosclerotic plaque breaks away from another
area of the body and lodges within the vasculature of the brain.Hemorrhagic strokeElectrocardiogramHeart attackStrokePacemakerPacemaker2006-11-04 00:53:07.0ADAM2007-10-20 15:35:27.0PacemakerPacemakerPacemaker19566 4PacemakerA pacemaker is a small, battery-operated electronic device which is
inserted under the skin to help the heart beat regularly and at an
appropriate rate. The pacemaker has leads that travel
through a large vein to the heart, where the wires are anchored.
The leads send the electrical impulses to the heart to tell it to
beat.Implantable cardioverter-defibrillatorGynecologic laparoscopyGynecologic laparoscopy2006-11-04 00:52:58.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:26:46.0Gynecologic laparoscopyGynecologic laparoscopyGynecologic laparoscopyGynecologic laparoscopyPelvic laparoscopy1109 41109 5Laparoscopy is performed when less-invasive surgery is desired. It
is also called "band-aid" surgery because only small incisions need
to be made to accomodate the small surgical instruments that are
used to view the abdominal contents and perform the surgery.Ovarian cystsOvarian cancerPelvic laparoscopyTubal ligationAnesthesiaPain medicationsIn vitro fertilization (IVF)Ectopic pregnancyHysterectomyLaparoscopyLaparoscopy2006-11-04 00:52:57.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:37:44.0LaparoscopyLaparoscopyLaparoscopyLaparoscopyLaparoscopic surgery - series2007-03-27 13:09:32.0ADAM2010-02-05 11:32:26.0Pelvic laparoscopy1109 41109 5Laparoscopy is performed when less-invasive surgery is desired. It
is also called "band-aid" surgery because only small incisions need
to be made to accomodate the small surgical instruments that are
used to view the abdominal contents and perform the surgery.Gallbladder removal - openGastric bypass surgeryAnti-reflux surgeryAnti-reflux surgery - childrenAppendectomyGallbladder removal - laparoscopicGynecologic laparoscopyHysterectomyInguinal hernia repairLaparoscopic gastric bandingPelvic laparoscopyRadical prostatectomySpleen removalTubal ligationGeneral anesthesiaHeart bypass surgery - minimally invasiveMinimally invasive heart surgery2006-11-04 00:52:53.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:40:33.0Heart bypass surgery - minimally invasiveHeart bypass surgery - minimally invasiveMinimally invasive heart surgeryHeart bypass surgery - minimally invasivePosterior heart arteries18037 418037 5The coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscle. The right
coronary artery supplies both the left and the right heart; the
left coronary artery supplies the left heart.Anterior heart arteries9367 49367 5The coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscle. The right
coronary artery supplies both the left and the right heart; the
left coronary artery supplies the left heart.Heart bypass surgery - seriesHeart bypass surgery - series2007-03-27 13:09:40.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:32:17.0Coronary artery stent9949 49949 5An intraluminal coronary artery stent is a small, self-expanding,
stainless steel mesh tube that is placed within a coronary artery
to keep the vessel open. It may be used during a coronary artery
bypass graft surgery to keep the grafted vessel open, after balloon
angioplasty to prevent reclosure of the blood vessel, or during
other heart surgeries.Heart, front view1097 41097 5The external structures of the heart include the ventricles, atria,
arteries and veins. Arteries carry blood away from the heart while
veins carry blood into the heart. The vessels colored blue indicate
the transport of blood with relatively low content of oxygen and
high content of carbon dioxide. The vessels colored red indicate
the transport of blood with relatively high content of oxygen and
low content of carbon dioxide.Heart bypass surgeryAngioplasty and stent placement - heartAnginaUrinary cathetersUrinary catheters2006-11-04 00:52:21.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:42:12.0Urinary cathetersUrinary cathetersStress incontinenceAllergiesSkin blushing/flushingPenisVaginaClean intermittent self-catheterizationConstipationUrinary tract infection - adultsMuscle crampsBladder stonesSepticemiaUrine - bloodyTraumatic injury of the bladder and urethraFeverSkin care and incontinenceSkin care and incontinence2006-11-04 00:52:17.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:13:33.0Skin care and incontinenceSkin care and incontinenceMale urinary system10022 410022 5The urinary system is made up of the kidneys, ureters, urethra and
bladder.Urinary incontinenceMalnutritionDehydrationRadiation therapyDeodorant poisoningAllergiesCutaneous candidiasisKegel exercisesKegel exercises2006-11-04 00:52:16.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:58:33.0Kegel exercisesKegel exercisesFemale perineal anatomy9073 49073 5The female external reproductive anatomy includes the vagina.Urinary incontinenceStress incontinenceTransurethral resection of the prostateBowel incontinenceVaginaBiofeedbackUrge incontinenceBowel retrainingBowel retraining2006-11-04 00:52:13.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:37:22.0Bowel retrainingBowel retrainingKegel exercisesBiofeedbackBowel incontinenceMultiple sclerosisConstipationFecal impactionBacterial gastroenteritisFiberPets and the immunocompromised personPets and the immunocompromised person2006-11-04 00:52:12.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:28:09.0Pets and the immunocompromised personPets and the immunocompromised personHIV virus and t-cells9740 49740 5HIV is a viral infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV), which can gradually destroy the immune system.Bone marrow biopsyBone marrow biopsy2006-11-04 00:52:03.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:31:26.0Bone marrow biopsyBone marrow biopsyBone marrow biopsyBone marrow biopsyBone biopsy9754 49754 5A bone biopsy is performed by making a small incision into the
skin. A biopsy needle retrieves a sample of bone and it is sent for
examination. The most common reasons for bone lesion biopsy are to
distinguish between benign and malignant bone tumors, and to
identify other bone abnormalities. Bone biopsy may also be
performed to determine the cause of bone pain and tenderness.Bone marrow aspiration1129 41129 5A small amount of bone marrow is removed during a bone marrow
aspiration. The procedure is uncomfortable, but can be tolerated by
both children and adults. The marrow can be studied to determine
the cause of anemia, the presence of leukemia or other malignancy,
or the presence of some "storage diseases" in which abnormal
metabolic products are stored in certain bone marrow cells.AllergiesInfant test/procedure preparationToddler test or procedure preparationPreschooler test or procedure preparationSchool age test or procedure preparationAdolescent test or procedure preparationCancerBiopsyPlatelet countCBCAnemiaTensilon testTensilon test2006-11-04 00:51:58.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:14:16.0Tensilon testTensilon testTensilon testTensilon testMuscle fatigue8959 48959 5Holding your arms above your shoulders until they drop is one
exercise that may be performed during the Tensilon test. In this
test, the drug Tensilon is administered, and the response in the
muscles are evaluated to help diagnose myasthenia gravis or to help
differentiate between myasthenia gravis and other conditions.Myasthenia gravisDiagnostic laparoscopyDiagnostic laparoscopy2006-11-04 00:51:40.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:38:19.0Diagnostic laparoscopyDiagnostic laparoscopyDiagnostic laparoscopyDiagnostic laparoscopyPelvic laparoscopy1109 41109 5Laparoscopy is performed when less-invasive surgery is desired. It
is also called "band-aid" surgery because only small incisions need
to be made to accomodate the small surgical instruments that are
used to view the abdominal contents and perform the surgery.Female reproductive anatomy1112 41112 5External structures of the female reproductive anatomy include the
labium minora and majora, the vagina and the clitoris. Internal
structures include the uterus, ovaries and cervix.Incision for abdominal laparoscopy8830 48830 5Abdominal laparoscopy is a useful aid in diagnosing disease or
trauma in the abdominal cavity with less scarring than with a large
abdominal incision. Large operations such as liver and pancreatic
resections may begin with laparoscopy to exclude the presence of
additional tumors (metastatic disease) that would preclude curative
resection. The procedure is usually done in the hospital under
general anesthesia, (however it may be done under local
anesthesia).Gynecologic laparoscopyAnesthesiaAppendicitisEctopic pregnancyEndometriosisAcute cholecystitisPelvic inflammatory disease (PID)CancerColposcopy - directed biopsyColposcopy - directed biopsy2006-11-04 00:51:31.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:31:30.0Colposcopy - directed biopsyColposcopy - directed biopsyColposcopy - directed biopsyColposcopy - directed biopsyColposcopy-directed biopsy17041 417041 5A colposcopy-directed biopsy is a procedure in which the cervix is
examined with a colposcope for abnormalities and a tissue sample is
taken.Uterus19263 419263 5The uterus is a hollow muscular organ located in the female pelvis
between the bladder and rectum. The ovaries produce the eggs that
travel through the fallopian tubes. Once the egg has left the ovary
it can be fertilized and implant itself in the lining of the
uterus. The main function of the uterus is to nourish the
developing fetus prior to birth.Female reproductive anatomy1112 41112 5External structures of the female reproductive anatomy include the
labium minora and majora, the vagina and the clitoris. Internal
structures include the uterus, ovaries and cervix.BiopsyVaginaCervixPap smearCervical biopsyCervical biopsy2006-11-04 00:51:29.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:33:03.0Cervical biopsyCervical biopsyCervical biopsyCervical biopsyCervical biopsy17032 417032 5In a cervical punch biopsy, the cervix may be stained with iodine
solution in order to see abnormalities better. These areas of
tissue are then sampled and examined.Colposcopy-directed biopsy17041 417041 5A colposcopy-directed biopsy is a procedure in which the cervix is
examined with a colposcope for abnormalities and a tissue sample is
taken.Uterus19263 419263 5The uterus is a hollow muscular organ located in the female pelvis
between the bladder and rectum. The ovaries produce the eggs that
travel through the fallopian tubes. Once the egg has left the ovary
it can be fertilized and implant itself in the lining of the
uterus. The main function of the uterus is to nourish the
developing fetus prior to birth.Female reproductive anatomy1112 41112 5External structures of the female reproductive anatomy include the
labium minora and majora, the vagina and the clitoris. Internal
structures include the uterus, ovaries and cervix.Cold cone biopsy17040 417040 5The cold cone biopsy is a surgical procedure requiring general
anesthesia and is indicated by the presence of precancerous changes
in the cervix.BiopsyCervixColposcopy - directed biopsyVaginaPap smearAdrenalectomyAdrenalectomy2006-11-04 00:51:07.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:57:16.0AdrenalectomyAdrenalectomyAdrenalectomyAdrenalectomyEndocrine glands1093 41093 5Endocrine glands release hormones (chemical messengers) into the
bloodstream to be transported to various organs and tissues
throughout the body. For instance, the pancreas secretes insulin,
which allows the body to regulate levels of sugar in the blood. The
thyroid gets instructions from the pituitary to secrete hormones
which determine the pace of chemical activity in the body (the more
hormone in the bloodstream, the faster the chemical activity; the
less hormone, the slower the activity).Adrenal gland biopsy8718 48718 5The adrenal glands are endocrine glands which are located
immediately on top of the kidneys. During an adrenal biopsy, a
surgical incision is made in the abdomen and a small sample of
tissue is removed and sent to the pathologist for testing. The
biopsy is usually performed when a suspicious mass or tumor is
found on one or both of the adrenal glands.Adrenal glandsPain medicationsConstipationTumorPheochromocytomaBiopsy - biliary tractBiopsy - biliary tract2006-11-04 00:50:58.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:51:47.0Biopsy - biliary tractBiopsy - biliary tractBiopsy - biliary tractBiopsy - biliary tractGallbladder endoscopy8775 48775 5An endoscope, a flexible fiberoptic scope with a light, is inserted
through the mouth into the duodenum. A catheter is advanced through
the endoscope and inserted into the pancreatic or biliary ducts. A
contrast agent is injected into these ducts and X-rays are taken to
evaluate their caliber, length and course. Endoscopic retrograde
cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is performed to identify any
narrowing, stones, or tumors in the pancreatic or biliary ducts.MalignancyBiopsyDuodenumBileAspirationERCPPercutaneous transhepatic cholangiogramEndoscopeWeaknessInfant test/procedure preparationToddler test or procedure preparationPreschooler test or procedure preparationSchool age test or procedure preparationAdolescent test or procedure preparationX-rayMRICT scanUltrasoundColonoscopyColonoscopy2006-11-04 00:50:48.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:53:02.0ColonoscopyColonoscopyColonoscopyColonoscopyColonoscopy1083 41083 5There are 4 basic tests for colon cancer: a stool test (to check
for blood); sigmoidoscopy (inspection of the lower colon;
colonoscopy (inspection of the entire colon); and double contrast
barium enema. All 4 are effective in catching cancers in the early
stages, when treatment is most beneficial.Colonoscopy8751 48751 5A sample of colon tissue is obtained during a colonoscopy procedure
using special instruments. The specimen is sent to the laboratory
and fixed with special stains. The specimen is examined under the
microscope for abnormal findings, such as cancer or inflammation..Pain medicationsBiopsyElectrocauterizationLaser therapyDehydrationInfant test/procedure preparationToddler test or procedure preparationPreschooler test or procedure preparationSchool age test or procedure preparationAdolescent test or procedure preparationAbdominal painBloody or tarry stoolsBarium enemaUlcerative colitisCrohn's diseaseColorectal polypsColon cancerPhysical exam frequencySigmoidoscopySigmoidoscopy2006-11-04 00:50:46.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:38:51.0SigmoidoscopySigmoidoscopySigmoidoscopySigmoidoscopySigmoid colon cancer, X-ray1198 41198 5A barium enema in a patient with cancer of the large bowel (sigmoid
area).Colonoscopy1083 41083 5There are 4 basic tests for colon cancer: a stool test (to check
for blood); sigmoidoscopy (inspection of the lower colon;
colonoscopy (inspection of the entire colon); and double contrast
barium enema. All 4 are effective in catching cancers in the early
stages, when treatment is most beneficial.Anal biopsy9545 49545 5Rectal biopsy can be used to determine the cause of blood, mucus,
or pus in the stool. Rectal biopsy can also confirm findings of
another test or x-rays, or take a biopsy of a growth found in the
colon.Colon cancerAbdominal painBiopsyInfant test/procedure preparationToddler test or procedure preparationPreschooler test or procedure preparationSchool age test or procedure preparationAdolescent test or procedure preparationIntestinal obstructionDiarrheaPhysical exam frequencyMyocardial biopsyMyocardial biopsy2006-11-04 00:50:28.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:39:37.0Myocardial biopsyMyocardial biopsyMyocardial biopsyMyocardial biopsyHeart, front view1097 41097 5The external structures of the heart include the ventricles, atria,
arteries and veins. Arteries carry blood away from the heart while
veins carry blood into the heart. The vessels colored blue indicate
the transport of blood with relatively low content of oxygen and
high content of carbon dioxide. The vessels colored red indicate
the transport of blood with relatively high content of oxygen and
low content of carbon dioxide.Heart, section through the middle1056 41056 5The interior of the heart is composed of valves, chambers, and
associated vessels.Biopsy catheter8904 48904 5When a small piece of heart muscle tissue is needed for
examination, a heart biopsy can be performed. A catheter is
carefully threaded into an artery or vein to gain access into the
heart. A bioptome (catheter with jaws in its tip) is then
introduced. Once the bioptome is in place, three to five small
pieces of tissue from the heart muscle are removed. The test is
performed routinely after heart transplantation to detect potential
rejection. It may also be performed when cardiomyopathy,
myocarditis, cardiac amyloidosis, or other disorders are suspected.Cardiac catheterizationX-rayCardiac amyloidosisCardiomyopathyHypertrophic cardiomyopathyIschemic cardiomyopathyMyocarditisPeripartum cardiomyopathyRestrictive cardiomyopathyIntracardiac electrophysiology study (EPS)Intracardiac electrophysiology study (EPS)2006-11-04 00:50:17.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:48:49.0Intracardiac electrophysiology study (EPS)Intracardiac electrophysiology study (EPS)Intracardiac electrophysiology study (EPS)Intracardiac electrophysiology study (EPS)Cardiac conduction system200080 4Heart, front view1097 41097 5The external structures of the heart include the ventricles, atria,
arteries and veins. Arteries carry blood away from the heart while
veins carry blood into the heart. The vessels colored blue indicate
the transport of blood with relatively low content of oxygen and
high content of carbon dioxide. The vessels colored red indicate
the transport of blood with relatively high content of oxygen and
low content of carbon dioxide.Conduction system of the heart18052 418052 5The intrinsic conduction system sets the basic rhythm of the
beating heart by generating impulses which stimulate the heart to
contract.Implantable cardioverter-defibrillatorArrhythmiasCardiac ablation proceduresCardiac catheterizationHolter monitor (24h)Implantable cardioverter-defibrillatorBlood gasesBlood gases2006-11-04 00:50:01.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:32:30.0Blood gasesBlood gasesBlood gasesBlood gasesBlood gases test9126 49126 5The blood gases test is performed by collecting a sample of blood
through a needle from an artery. The test is used to evaluate
respiratory diseases and conditions that affect the lungs, and it
is used to determine the effectiveness of oxygen therapy. The
acid-base component of the test also gives information on how well
the kidneys are functioning.AcidosisDiabetic ketoacidosisLactic acidosisMetabolic acidosisRespiratory acidosisRespiratory alkalosisLymphangiogramLymphangiogram2006-11-04 00:48:32.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:42:15.0LymphangiogramLymphangiogramLymphangiogramLymphangiogramLymphangiogram9605 49605 5A lymphangiogram is used to evaluate the possible spread of cancers
and the effectiveness of cancer therapy. The X-rays may also help
determine the cause of swelling in an arm or leg and check for
parasitic diseases.Lymphatic system1104 41104 5The lymphatic system filters fluid from around cells. It is an
important part of the immune system. When people refer to swollen
glands in the neck, they are usually referring to swollen lymph
nodes. Common areas where lymph nodes can be easily felt,
especially if they are enlarged, are: the groin, armpits (axilla),
above the clavicle (supraclavicular), in the neck (cervical), and
the back of the head just above hairline (occipital).CancerX-rayLymph systemAllergic reactionsHodgkin’s lymphomaNon-Hodgkin's lymphomaThoracic CTThoracic CT2006-11-04 00:48:11.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:37:51.0Thoracic CTThoracic CTThoracic CTThoracic CTBronchial cancer - CT scan1627 41627 5This chest CT scan shows a cross-section of a person with bronchial
cancer. The two dark areas are the lungs. The light areas within
the lungs represent the cancer.Lung nodule, right lower lung - CT scan1634 41634 5A CT scan showing a mass in right lower chest near the heart (left
side of photograph).Vertebra, thoracic (mid back)1774 41774 5These are twelve vertebra of the mid back. The last vertebra (on
the left side of the picture) attaches to the lumbar (lower) spine,
and the top vertebra (on the right) attaches to the cervical (neck)
section of the back. The vertebra are broader and stronger than the
cervical bones. This allows them to absorb the added pressure
applied to the mid back, but they remain a common sight of injury.
The vertebra are numbered from one to twelve and labeled T1, T2, T3
etc. from the upper most bones to the lowest.Lung mass, right lung - CT scan1631 41631 5This is a CT scan of the upper chest showing a mass in the right
lung (seen on the left side of the picture).Thyroid cancer - CT scan1204 41204 5This CT scan of the upper chest (thorax) shows a malignant thyroid
tumor (cancer). The dark area around the trachea (marked by the
white U-shaped tip of the respiratory tube) is an area where normal
tissue has been eroded and died (necrosis) as a result of tumor
growth.Pulmonary nodule, solitary - CT scan1611 41611 5This CT scan shows a single lesion (pulmonary nodule) in the left
lung. This nodule is seen as the light circle in the upper portion
of the dark area on the left side of the picture. A normal lung
would look completely black in a CT scan.Normal lung anatomy9590 49590 5The lungs are a major part of respiratory system. The function of
the respiratory system is to supply the body with oxygen and get
rid of carbon dioxide.CT scan1088 41088 5CT stands for computerized tomography. In this procedure, a thin
X-ray beam is rotated around the area of the body to be visualized.
Using very complicated mathematical processes called algorithms,
the computer is able to generate a 3-D image of a section through
the body. CT scans are very detailed and provide excellent
information for the physician.Lung mass, right upper lobe - CT scan1625 41625 5This is a CT scan of the upper lungs. This individual has a mass in
upper part of the right lung (left side of picture).Lung with squamous cell cancer - CT scan1637 41637 5This CT scan shows a cross section of the lungs of a person with
lung cancer. The two dark areas in the middle of the screen are the
lungs. The light areas in the right lung represent the cancer (left
side of picture).CT scanNoninvasiveInvasiveArteriogramTumorIntravenous pyelogramIntravenous pyelogram2006-11-04 00:48:01.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:34:39.0Intravenous pyelogramIntravenous pyelogramIntravenous pyelogramIntravenous pyelogramKidney anatomy1101 41101 5The kidneys are responsible for removing wastes from the body, regulating electrolyte balance and blood pressure, and stimulating red blood cell production.Kidney - blood and urine flow1704 41704 5This is the typical appearance of the blood vessels (vasculature)
and urine flow pattern in the kidney. The blood vessels are shown
in red and the urine flow pattern in yellow.Intravenous pyelogram9481 49481 5An intravenous pyelogram is performed by injecting contrast
material into a vein in the arm. A series of x-rays are taken at
timed intervals as the contrast material goes through the kidneys,
the ureters (the tubes connecting the kidneys to the bladder), and
the bladder. The procedure helps to evaluate the condition of the
kidneys, ureters, and bladder.Urine - bloodyX-raySkin blushing/flushingFlank painKidney stonesTesticle ultrasoundTesticle ultrasound2006-11-04 00:47:57.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:42:23.0Testicle ultrasoundTesticle ultrasoundTesticle ultrasoundTesticle ultrasoundMale reproductive anatomy1113 41113 5The male reproductive structures include the penis, the scrotum,
the seminal vesicles and the prostate.Testicular ultrasound9963 49963 5Testicular ultrasound is an imaging procedure to examine the
testicles and other scrotal structures. A ultrasound is performed
by moving the ultrasound transducer over the scrotum. Ultrasound
pictures are viewed on a monitor at the same time. Testicular
ultrasound is performed to help determine the cause of testicular
enlargement or the reason for testicular pain.X-rayUltrasoundTestesTestosteroneScrotumPenisAdolescent test or procedure preparationEsophageal cultureEsophageal biopsy culture2006-11-04 00:47:31.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:39:33.0Esophageal cultureEsophageal cultureEsophageal cultureEsophageal cultureEsophageal tissue culture9303 49303 5A sample biopsy of esophageal tissue is obtained by placing a tube
through the mouth into the esophagus where small instruments grab a
portion of esophageal tissue for examination. The test is performed
when infection or other diseases of the esophagus are suspected, or
an ongoing infection does not respond to treatment.BiopsyHerpes esophagitisEGD - esophagogastroduodenoscopyEar drainage cultureEar drainage culture2006-11-04 00:47:30.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:58:16.0Ear drainage cultureEar drainage cultureEar drainage cultureEar drainage cultureMedical findings based on ear anatomy1126 41126 5The external structures of the ear may aid in diagnosing some
conditions by the presence or absence of normal landmarks and
abnormal features including: earlobe creases, preauricular pits,
and preauricular tags.Ear anatomy1092 41092 5The ear consists of external, middle, and inner structures. The
eardrum and the three tiny bones conduct sound from the eardrum to
the cochlea.Ear drainage culture9286 49286 5An ear drainage culture is collected by placing a cotton swab
gently in the ear canal. The sample is sent to the laboratory for
testing to isolate and identify the type of organism causing the
ear infection.Sensitivity analysisEar infection - acuteOtitisEar dischargeEaracheSwimmer's earEar tube insertionRectal cultureRectal culture2006-11-04 00:47:22.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:47:54.0Rectal cultureRectal cultureRectal cultureRectal cultureRectal culture9811 49811 5A rectal culture test is performed by inserting a cotton swab in
the rectum. The swab is rotated gently, and withdrawn. A smear of
the swab is placed in culture media to encourage the growth of
microorganisms. The test is performed to isolate and identify
organisms in the rectum that can cause gastrointestinal symptoms
and/or disease.Sensitivity analysisGonorrheaFecal cultureFecal cultureFecal culture2006-11-04 00:47:21.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:44:59.0Fecal cultureFecal cultureFecal cultureFecal cultureClostridium difficile organism1051 41051 5Clostridium difficile is a bacterium commonly found in the
intestinal tract but which, under the right circumstances such as
after or during antibiotics therapy, can be the cause of
enterocolitis. (Image courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention.)Salmonella typhi organism1048 41048 5The causative agent of typhoid fever is the bacterium Salmonella
typhi. (Image courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention.)Campylobacter jejuni organism1050 41050 5Campylobacter jejuni infection causes cramping, diarrhea, abdominal
pain and fever within 2 to 5 days after a person has been exposed
to the organism. Campylobacter jejuni is one of the most common
bacterial causes of diarrhea. Most cases of Campylobacter jejuni
come from handling or ingesting raw or undercooked poultry meat.
Although poultry and other birds are not affected by the bacterium,
other animals can be. Therefore it is possible for a person to
aquire the infection from contact with infected stool of an ill cat
or dog. This is what Campylobacter organisms look like through a
microscope. (Image courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention.)Yersinia enterocolitica organism1049 41049 5This picture shows the organism Yersinia enterocolitica. Yersinia
organisms cause a wide range of disease but are most often
associated with diarrhea or gastrointestinal symptoms. Yersinia
infection is appearing with increased frequency in
immunocompromised individuals. (Image courtesy of the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention.)DiarrheaFecal smearFecal smear2006-11-04 00:47:17.0ADAM2009-11-05 08:35:26.0Fecal smearFecal smearFecal smearFecal smearLower digestive anatomy8735 48735 5Food passes from the stomach into the small intestine. In the small
intestine all nutrient absorption occurs. Whatever has not been
absorbed by the small intestine passes into the colon. In the colon
most of the water is absorbed from the food residue. The residue is
then eliminated from the body as feces.DiarrheaNasopharyngeal cultureNasopharyngeal culture2006-11-04 00:47:05.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:51:06.0Nasopharyngeal cultureNasopharyngeal cultureNasopharyngeal cultureNasopharyngeal cultureNasopharyngeal culture9687 49687 5A nasopharyngeal culture is a test used to identify organisms that
can be in nasal secretions causing disease. Nasopharyngeal cultures
are useful in identifying Bordetella pertussis and Neisseria
meningitidis (types of bacteria). The culture may be used to test
for appropriate antibiotic therapy.Blood cultureBlood culture2006-11-04 00:47:00.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:41:29.0Blood cultureBlood cultureBlood cultureBlood cultureBronchoscopic cultureCerebrospinal fluid cultureCulture - endocervixFecal cultureThroat swab cultureUrethral discharge cultureUrine culture - clean catchGram stain of skin lesionVenipunctureSepsisSepticemiaCulture - joint fluidCulture - joint fluid (aspirate)2006-11-04 00:46:58.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:38:22.0Culture - joint fluidCulture - joint fluidCulture - joint fluidCulture - joint fluidJoint aspiration9245 49245 5Synovial fluid analysis is a series of tests performed on synovial
(joint) fluid to help diagnose and treat joint-related
abnormalities. To obtain a synovial fluid sample, a needle is
inserted into the knee between the joint space. When the needle is
in place the synovial fluid is then withdrawn. The sample is sent
to the lab for analysis.Joint painSynovial fluid analysisCulture - colonic tissueCulture - colonic tissue biopsy2006-11-04 00:46:46.0ADAM2009-11-05 07:40:08.0Culture - colonic tissueCulture - colonic tissueCulture - colonic tissueCulture - colonic tissueColon culture9246 49246 5When polyps are discovered in a sigmoidoscopy (an inspection of the
lower third of the large intestine), they are retrieved to be
tested for cancer. If a large amount of polyps are found, a more
thorough examination of the entire length of the large intestine (a
colonoscopy) may be recommended.Colonoscopy8751 48751 5A sample of colon tissue is obtained during a colonoscopy procedure
using special instruments. The specimen is sent to the laboratory
and fixed with special stains. The specimen is examined under the
microscope for abnormal findings, such as cancer or inflammation..ColonoscopyFecal cultureNews (more_index_1_1_1)FYI (more_index_1_1_3)Health Tip: Preparing for a MammogramDo's and don'ts on the day of the test2007-04-05 00:00:00.0HealthDay2007-10-20 13:34:01.0PreeclampsiaPlacenta PreviaMigraineCluster HeadachesDysmenorrhea
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