- Monitor glucose levels before, during, and after workouts (glucose levels swing dramatically during exercise)
- Avoid exercise if glucose levels are above 300 mg/dl or under 100 mg/dl
- Inject insulin in sites away from the muscles used during exercise; this can help avoid hypoglycemia
- Drink plenty of fluids before and during exercise; avoid alcohol, which increases the risk of hypoglycemia
- Insulin-dependent athletes may need to decrease insulin doses or take in more carbohydrates prior to exercise, but may need to take an extra dose of insulin after exercise (stress hormones released during exercise may increase blood glucose levels)
- Wear good, protective footwear to help avoid injuries and wounds to the feet
Some blood pressure drugs can interfere with exercise capacity. Patients who use blood pressure medication should consult their doctors on how to balance medications and exercise. Patients with high blood pressure should also aim to breathe as normally as possible during exercise. Holding the breath can increase blood pressure.
[For more information, see In-Depth Report #29: Exercise.]
Stress Reduction
Chronic stress has been associated with the development of insulin resistance, a primary factor in diabetes. Stress can also worsen existing diabetes by impairing the patient's ability to manage the disease effectively. Stress-relieving techniques include meditation, biofeedback, relaxation response, and yoga. One study reported that yoga helped patients with type 2 diabetes reduce their need for oral medications. Studies have also indicated that yoga and Tai Chi (an ancient Chinese exercise involving slow relaxing movements) may lower blood pressure almost as well as moderate-intensity aerobic exercises.
[For more recommendations on stress reduction, see In-Depth Report #31: Stress.]
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