In the beginning insulin was discovered and developed by Banting and Best (and McLeod). During the next nine decades, various permutations of the hormone insulin were created; first with beef and pork sources and then with advent of molecular biology, human and analog insulin was discovered and marketed by various pharmaceutical companies.

First, a mini-review is in order. To replicate the actions of pancreatic beta islet cells, we must "think" like a pancreas. The pancreas produces basal...