Glycated Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c or H1Ac), also called glycated hemoglobin, is measured periodically to determine the average blood-sugar level over the life span of the red blood cell, which is about 8 to 10 weeks. In general, measurements suggest the following:
- Normal HbA1c levels should be below 7%.
- Levels of 11% to 12% glycolated hemoglobin indicate poor control of carbohydrates. High levels are also markers for kidney trouble.
Home tests (DRx, Metrika A1c Now) are available for measuring HbA1c that may allow better monitoring of glucose levels.
Urine Tests
Urine tests are useful for detecting the presence of ketones. These tests should always be performed during illness or stressful situations, when diabetes is likely to go out of control. The patient should also undergo yearly urine tests for microalbuminuria (small amounts of protein in the urine), a risk factor for future kidney disease.
Eye Examinations
For patients beginning intensive insulin therapy, experts recommend an eye examination when starting treatments and every 3 months thereafter up to a year.
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