Emergency Complications
Hypoglycemia
People with diabetes who need to intensively control glucose levels are at risk for low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). Hypoglycemia, also called insulin shock, develops if blood sugar levels fall below normal. It may also be caused by insufficient intake of food, excess exercise, or alcohol intake. The condition is usually manageable, but occasionally it can be severe or even life threatening, particularly if the patient fails to recognize the symptoms. Mild hypoglycemia is common among people with type 2 diabetes, but severe episodes are rare, even among those who are taking insulin. Still, all patients who intensively control blood sugar (glucose) levels should be aware of warning symptoms.
Risk Factors for Severe Hypoglycemia. People at highest risk for severe hypoglycemia are those who intensively control blood glucose and also have one or more of the following conditions:
- Long-term diabetes
- Less education on their condition
- A previous history of severe hypoglycemia
- Hypoglycemia unawareness
Hypoglycemia unawareness is a condition in which people become insensitive to hypoglycemic symptoms. It affects about 25% of patients who use insulin, nearly always people with type 1 diabetes. In such cases, hypoglycemia appears suddenly, without warning, and can escalate to a severe level. Even a single recent episode of hypoglycemia may make it more difficult to detect the next episode. With vigilant monitoring and by rigorously avoiding low blood glucose levels, patients can often regain the ability to sense the symptoms. However, even very careful testing may fail to detect a problem, particularly one that occurs during sleep.
Symptoms. Mild hypoglycemia symptoms usually occur at moderately low and easily correctable levels of blood glucose. They include:
- Sweating
- Trembling
- Hunger
- Rapid heartbeat
Severely low blood glucose levels can cause neurologic symptoms such as:
- Confusion
- Weakness
- Disorientation
- Combativeness
- In rare and worst cases, coma, seizure, and death
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