Type 1 diabetes

If you are a parent, relative, or friend of someone experiencing these symptoms, monitor the person closely. If symptoms become worse -- confusion, seizures, or unconsciousness -- give the person a shot of glucagon. If you don't have glucagon, call 911 immediately.

You should have some glucagon stored for emergencies. Make sure everyone in your home, as well as babysitters and caregivers, knows how to use it. Periodically remind everyone how to use it, and check the expiration date.

text continues below

Don't panic. Glucagon works very fast -- usually within 15 minutes. While you are waiting for the person to revive, keep him on his side to prevent choking. If the person is not better in 15 minutes, call 911.

TREATING HIGH KETONES

When there is not enough insulin to move glucose into cells, glucose can build up in the blood. The body then looks for other forms of energy and uses fat as a fuel source. As fats are broken down, acids called ketones build up in the blood and urine. In high levels, ketones are poisonous to body tissue. This condition is known as ketoacidosis.

You can check for ketones using a simple urine test available at pharmacies. This test should be performed every 4-6 hours anytime a person with diabetes is registering blood sugar above 240; sick; unusually thirsty or has a dry mouth; urinating frequently; or vomited

The warning signs that ketoacidosis is getting serious might include flushed face, dry skin and mouth, nausea or vomiting, stomach pain, deep, rapid breathing, or fruity breath odor.

If these symptoms occur, call the doctor or go to the emergency room right away. If left untreated, this condition will lead to coma and even death.

MONITORING

Visit your physician and/or diabetes educator at least 4 times a year.
Have your glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) measured 2-4 times a year to evaluate your overall glucose control. (Ask your doctor how often you should be tested.)
Have your cholesterol and triglyceride levels and kidney function evaluated yearly.
Visit your ophthalmologist (preferably one that specializes in diabetic retinopathy) at least once a year, more frequently if signs of diabetic retinopathy develop.
Every 6 months have a thorough dental cleaning and examination. Inform your dentist and hygienist that you have diabetes.
Monitor your feet every day for early signs of injury or infection. Make sure your health care provider inspects your feet at each visit.
Stay up-to-date with all of your vaccinations (including pneumococcal), and get a flu shot every year in the fall.