• Herpes simplex virus -- causes ulcers/small blisters in the mouth or genitals, happens more often and usually much more severely in an HIV-infected person than in someone without HIV infection
• Herpes zoster (shingles) -- ulcers/small blisters over a patch of skin, caused by reactivation of the varicella zoster virus, the same virus that causes chickenpox
• Kaposi's sarcoma -- cancer of the skin, lungs, and bowel due to a herpes virus (HHV-8). It can happen at any CD4 count, but is more likely to happen at lower CD4 counts, and is more common in men than in women.
• Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma -- cancer of the lymph nodes
• Oral or vaginal thrush -- yeast (typically Candida albicans) infection of the mouth or vagina
• Tuberculosis -- infection by tuberculosis bacteria mostly affects the lungs, but can also affect other organs such as the bowel, lining of the heart or lungs, brain, or lining of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)

Common with CD4 count below 200 cells/mm³:

• Bacillary angiomatosis -- skin sores caused by a bacteria called Bartonella, which may be caused by cat scratches
• Candida esophagitis -- painful yeast infection of the esophagus
• Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, "PCP pneumonia," previously called Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, caused by a fungus

Common with CD4 count below 100 cells/mm³:

• AIDS dementia -- worsening and slowing of mental function, caused by HIV
• Cryptococcal meningitis -- fungal infection of the lining of the brain
• Cryptosporidium diarrhea -- Extreme diarrhea caused by a parasite that affects the gastrointestinal tract
• Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy -- a disease of the brain caused by a virus (called the JC virus) that results in a severe decline in mental and physical functions
• Toxoplasma encephalitis -- infection of the brain by a parasite, called Toxoplasma gondii, which is often found in cat feces; causes lesions (sores) in the brain
• Wasting syndrome -- extreme weight loss and loss of appetite, caused by HIV itself

Common with CD4 count below 50/mm³:

• Cytomegalovirus infection -- a viral infection that can affect almost any organ system, especially the large bowel and the eyes
• Mycobacterium avium -- a blood infection by a bacterium related to tuberculosis

In addition to the CD4 count, a test called HIV RNA level (or viral load) may be used to monitor patients. Basic screening lab tests and regular cervical Pap smears are important to monitor in HIV infection, due to the increased risk of cervical cancer in women with a compromised immune system. Anal Pap smears to detect potential cancers may also be important in both HIV-infected men and women.

Images

Molluscum on the chest

Dermatitis, seborrheic on the face

Kaposi's sarcoma on the thigh

Dermatitis, seborrheic - close-up

Kaposi's sarcoma - close-up

Canker sore (aphthous ulcer)

Histoplasmosis, disseminated in HIV patient

Mycobacterium marinum infection on the hand

Antibodies

STDs and ecological niches

Molluscum contagiosum on the face

Herpes zoster (shingles), disseminated

Kaposi's sarcoma on the back

AIDS

HIV

Primary HIV infection

Tuberculosis in the lung

Kaposi's sarcoma - perianal

Kaposi's sarcoma - lesion on the foot

• < Page
1 2 3
• >

Review Date: 06/09/2011
Reviewed By: David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine; and Jatin M. Vyas, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Assistant in Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.

A.D.A.M., Inc. is accredited by URAC, also known as the American Accreditation HealthCare Commission (www.urac.org)