Testicular cancer

Injury	Disease	Nutrition	Poison

Symptoms	Surgery	Test	Special Topic

Male reproductive anatomy

Male reproductive system

Testicular cancer

Alternative Names:

Cancer - testes; Germ cell tumor; Seminoma
Symptoms:

Enlargement of a testicle or a change in the way it feels
Lump or swelling in either testicle
Dull ache in the back or lower abdomen
Gynecomastia (excessive development of male breast tissue), this can also occur normally in adolescent males, in whom it is not a symptom of testicular cancer
Testicular discomfort/pain or a feeling of heaviness in the scrotum
Occasionally, the initial symptoms are related to the spread of the cancer to other parts of the body, such as the lungs, abdomen, pelvis, or brain

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Note: There may be no symptoms.

Signs and tests:

A physical examination typically reveals a firm, non-tender testicular mass that does not "trans-illuminate" (light from a flashlight held to the scrotum does not pass through the mass).

Other tests include:

Scrotal ultrasound is used to confirm solid mass.
Blood tests for tumor markers: alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotrophin (beta HCG), and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH). Approximately 85% of non-seminomas will have elevations of either AFP or beta HCG. Seminomas will have elevations only in beta HCG or LDH. These tests can also be used to monitor the response to treatment.
A chest X-ray is done to look for potential metastasis (spreading of cancer) to the lungs.
An abdominal CT scan may be done to look for potential metastasis.

Tissue biopsy is usually by surgical removal of the testicle. After the testicle is removed, the tissue is examined.