Toddlers are children ages 1 - 3.

THEORIES

Jean Piaget, in the cognitive (thought) development theory, includes the following:

• Early use of instruments or tools
• Following visual (then later, invisible) displacement (moving from one place to another) of objects
• Understanding that objects and people are there even if you can't see them (object and people permanence)

Erik H. Erikson's personal-social development theory says the toddler stage represents Autonomy (independence) vs. Shame or Doubt. The child learns to adjust to society's demands, while trying to maintain independence and a sense of self.

These milestones are typical of children in the toddler stages. Some variation is normal. If you have questions about your child's development, contact your health care provider.

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

The following are signs of expected physical development in a toddler:

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Toddler development

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Toddler development Prevention

Review Date: 01/26/2010
Reviewed By: Jennifer K. Mannheim, CPNP, private practice, Seattle, Washington. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.

A.D.A.M., Inc. is accredited by URAC, also known as the American Accreditation HealthCare Commission (www.urac.org)