Table of Contents
- Liver damage. This is more likely with ranitidine than with the other H2 blockers, but it is rare with any of these drugs.
- Kidney-related central nervous system complications. Famotidine is removed by the body primarily by the kidney. This can pose a danger in people with kidney problems. Use of the drug in people with impaired kidney function can affect the central nervous system and may result in anxiety, depression, insomnia or drowsiness, and mental disturbances. As a result, people with kidney failure should reduce the dose and increase the time between doses.
- Increased risk for pneumonia in hospitalized patients, as well as in the community.
- Ulcer perforation and bleeding. Some experts are concerned that the use of acid-blocking drugs may increase the risk for serious complications by masking ulcer symptoms.
Misoprostol
Misoprostol (Cytotec) increases prostaglandin levels in the stomach lining, which protects against the major gastrointestinal side effects of NSAIDs.
Actions against ulcers. Misoprostol can reduce the risk of NSAID-induced ulcers in the upper small intestine by two-thirds, and in the stomach by three-fourths. It does not neutralize or reduce acid, so although the drug is helpful for preventing NSAID-induced ulcers, it is not useful for healing existing ulcers.
Side Effects.
- Because misoprostol can induce miscarriage or cause birth defects, pregnant women should not take it. If pregnancy occurs during treatment, the drug should be stopped at once and the doctor contacted immediately.
- Diarrhea and other gastrointestinal problems are severe enough to cause 20% of patients to stop taking the drug. Taking misoprostol after meals should minimize these effects. One study indicated that taking the drug two to three times a day, instead of the standard regimen of four times, may prove to be just as effective and cause fewer side effects.
Sucralfate
Sucralfate (Carafate) seems to work by adhering to the ulcer and protecting it from further damage by stomach acid and pepsin. It also promotes the defensive processes of the stomach. Sucralfate has an ulcer-healing rate similar to that of H2 blockers. Other than constipation, which occurs in 2.2% of patients, the drug has few side effects. Sucralfate does interact with a wide variety of drugs, however, including warfarin, phenytoin, and tetracycline.
Review Date: 07/18/2011
Reviewed By: Reviewed by: Harvey Simon, MD, Editor-in-Chief, Associate Professor
of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Physician, Massachusetts
General Hospital. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical
Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.
A.D.A.M., Inc. is accredited by URAC, also known as the American Accreditation HealthCare Commission (www.urac.org)
