Urinary Tract Infection - Diagnosis

Highlights	Risk Factors	Medications
Introduction	Complications	Other Treatments
Causes	Diagnosis	Resources
Symptoms	Treatment	References

Diagnosis

Often UTI symptoms in young women plus positive results on an over-the-counter dipstick test are enough to make a diagnosis. They include frequent urination and, in women, vaginal burning, without other complications, such as fever, chills, and pain in the kidney. In such cases, young women can now often receive treatment with a simple phone call to a health professional (usually a nurse) who will prescribe antibiotics. A good response to antibiotic therapy usually eliminates the need for further tests.

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This course is now recommended only for nonpregnant women at low risk for recurrent infection and who do not have symptoms suggesting other problems, such as vaginitis. In some centers, women who are treated over the phone have to be less than 55 years old; other patients need to see a doctor for evaluation. Pregnant women should be screened for E. coli because of the risk of complications, including miscarriage, from certain strains of this bacteria.

Ruling Out Other Conditions with Similar Symptoms

About half of women with symptoms of a UTI actually have some other condition, such as irritation of the urethra, vaginitis, interstitial cystitis, or sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Some of these problems may also accompany or lead to UTIs.

Vaginitis. Vaginitis is a common vaginal infection that can be caused by a fungus (candidiasis) or bacteria. Occasionally, the infection causes frequent urination, mimicking cystitis. The typical symptoms of vaginitis are itching and an abnormal discharge.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Women with painful urination but whose urine does not exhibit signs of bacterial growth in culture may have a sexually transmitted disease. The most common culprit is the organism Chlamydia trachomatis. Other STDs that may be responsible include gonorrhea and genital herpes.

Interstitial Cystitis. Interstitial cystitis (IC) is an inflammation of the bladder wall that occurs almost predominantly in women. The average age of patients with IC is 40, but 25% of cases occur in women under 30. Symptoms are very similar to cystitis, but no bacteria are present. Pain during sex is a very common complaint in these patients, and stress may intensify symptoms.

Bladder Cancer. Bladder cancer is a rare cause of painful urination and is more common in men than in women.

Kidney Stones. The pain of kidney stones along with blood in the urine can resemble the symptoms of pyelonephritis. There are no bacteria present with kidney stones, however.