Cervical Cancer - Risk Factors

Highlights	Symptoms	Treatment for Invasive Cervical Cancer
Introduction	Prevention	Resources
Causes	Diagnosis	References
Risk Factors	Treatment for CIN and Carcinoma in Situ
Prognosis	Treatment for Cervical Cancer

Risk Factors

According to the American Cancer Society, more than 10,000 new cases of invasive cervical cancer will be diagnosed in the US in 2005. However, the number of new cervical cancer cases has been declining steadily over the past decades. Fifty percent of cervical cancer diagnoses occur in women between 35 and 55 years of age, and slightly more than 20 percent occur in women over 65 years of age.

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Some women (15%) develop cervical cancer before the age of 30. Although cervical cancer is rare in women under 20, there has been an increase in cancer rates in younger women. Many young women are infected with multiple types of HPV, which can increase their risk of getting cervical cancer. If young women with early abnormal changes do not have regular examinations, they are at high risk for localized cancer by the time they are age 40 and for invasive cancer by age 50.

Although it is the most preventable type of cancer, cervical cancer is ranked as the second most common cause of female death. Each year it kills an estimated 3,700 women in the US and nearly 300,000 women worldwide.

In the United States, cervical cancer mortality rates plunged by 74 percent between 1955 and 1992 thanks to increased screening and early detection with the Pap test.

Socioeconomic and Ethnic Factors

Although the rate of cervical cancer has declined in both Caucasian and African American women over the past decades, it remains much more prevalent in African Americans, and their death rates are twice as high as those in Caucasian women. This difference, however, is almost certainly due to social and economic differences. A 2001 study of women in the military found no differences in mortality rates when there is equal access to the same treatments.

Hispanic American women also have more than twice the risk of invasive cervical cancer as Caucasian women due to a lower rate of screening. This lower rate, particularly in immigrants from Mexico, may be due to cultural beliefs that Pap smears might be an "admission of immorality." Fortunately, evidence in 2002 suggests that screening is increasing in young Hispanic women.

Specific Risk Factors for Human Papillomavirus

The human papillomavirus (HPV) is the primary cause of cervical cancer. Between 12% and 46% of American women carry the virus. The risk for cervical cancer in infected women appears to be highest in those infected with HPV for more than six months. In most people, the virus goes away within a year. However, it persists in about 10% of infected women.