Cervical Cancer - Risk Factors

Smoking

Several studies have associated smoking with a higher risk for precancerous changes (dysplasia) in the cervix and for progression to invasive cervical cancer. Secondhand smoke is also linked to increased risk for cervical cancer tumors. It is not clear if this association is due to cigarette smoke?s direct cancer-causing effects or general damage to the immune system. Cigarette smokers are also deficient in folate, a B vitamin. Folate deficiency may play a role in the development of dysplasia.

Exposure to Chemicals

Diethylstilbestrol (DES). Diethylstilbestrol (DES), an estrogen compound, was used by pregnant women in the 1940s and 1950s. The daughters of these women face a higher risk for cervical cancer, genital tract abnormalities, and miscarriage.

Environmental Chemicals. One study has reported an increase in cervical cancer mortality in women whose jobs exposed them to harmful chemicals. Such women worked in manufacturing, personal services, farm work, and as nursing aides. More research is needed.

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