Sickle Cell Disease - Complications

Highlights	Diagnosis	Lifestyle Changes
Introduction	Outlook	Resources
Risk Factors	Complications	References
Symptoms	Treatment

Complications

There is still no cure for sickle cell disease other than experimental transplantation procedures, but treatments for complications of sickle cell have prolonged the lives of many patients who are now living into adulthood.

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Painand Acute Sickle Cell Crisis

The hallmark of sickle cell disease is the sickle cell crisis (also sometimes known as a vaso-occlusive crisis), which is an episode of pain. It is the most common reason for hospitalization in sickle cell disease. The pattern may occur as follows:

In general, the risk for a sickle cell crisis is increased by any activity that boosts the body's requirement for oxygen, such as illness, physical stress, or being at high altitudes. In more than half of episodes, however, the trigger is unknown.
Episodes typically begin at night and last from three to 14 days, accelerating to a peak over several days and then declining.
The pain is typically described as sharp, intense, and throbbing. Severe sickle cell pain has been described as equivalent to cancer pain and more severe than postsurgical pain. Shortness of breath is common.
Pain most commonly occurs in the lower back, leg, hip, abdomen, or chest, usually in two or more locations. Episodes usually recur in the same areas. Pain in the bones (usually occurring symmetrically on both sides) is common because blood obstruction can directly damage bone and because bone marrow is where red blood cells are manufactured.
The liver may become enlarged, causing pain in the upper right side of the abdomen. Liver involvement may also cause nausea, low-grade fever, and increasing jaundice.
Males of any age may experience prolonged, often painful erections, a condition called priapism.

Episodes cannot be predicted and they vary widely among different individuals. In one study, nearly 40% of patients reported no painful episodes over a five-year period. About 5% of patients experienced severe and frequent episodes (more than three a year). They sometimes become less frequent with increasing age. Generally, people can resume a relatively normal life between crises. Most patients are pain free between episodes although pain can be chronic in some cases.

General Guidelines for Managing a Sickle Cell Crisis. The basic objectives for managing a sickle cell crisis are control of pain and rehydration by administration of fluids. Oxygen is typically given for acute chest syndrome. Effective pain medications are available to help reduce the severe pain of sickle cell crises.