Birth Control Options for Women - Spermicidal and Barrier Contraception

Highlights	Injected Contraception	Emergency Contraception
Introduction	Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)	Female Sterilization
Oral Contraception	Spermicidal and Barrier Contraception	Resources
Implant Contraception	Natural Family Planning Methods	References

Spermicidal and Barrier Contraception

Barrier contraceptives are devices that provide a mechanical barrier between the sperm and the egg. Examples of barrier contraceptives include the male condom, female condom, and the diaphragm. [For a description of the male condom, see Box Male Condom.] Barrier devices are the only contraceptive methods that can help prevent sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).

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Spermicides

Spermicides are sperm-killing substances available as foams, creams, or gels, and are often used in female contraception with barrier and other devices. Spermicides are usually available without a prescription or medical examination.

The active ingredient in US-made spermicides is usually nonoxynol-9, which attacks the surface of the sperm cell. Nonoxynol-9, however, does not provide any additional protection against sexually-transmitted diseases. In fact, research now suggests that frequent use may cause vaginal injuries and actually increase the risk for HIV transmission in women. In addition, use of a spermicide with a barrier device also poses a two- to three-fold risk for a urinary tract infection in women, regardless of whether the device is a condom or diaphragm. Spermicides are no longer recommended with male condoms. Some experts question their use with the diaphragm, suggesting that they may not even add much protection against pregnancies. A major analysis of current research found only one study that reported enhanced protection, but it had limitations.

In general, spermicides may be an appropriate choice for women who have intercourse only once in a while, or need backup protection against pregnancy (for instance, if they forget to take their birth control pills). Spermicides should not be used alone as the primary method of birth control. Nor should they be used to prevent sexually transmitted diseases.

Diaphragm

The diaphragm, which is generally used with a spermicidal cream, foam, or gel, is a small dome-shaped latex cup with a flexible ring that fits over the cervix. The cup acts as a physical barrier against the entry of sperm into the uterus. The spermicide provides added chemical protection. (Of note: some evidence suggests that spermicide does not add any additional protection, but more studies are needed to confirm this. Current spermicides, in any case, do not protect against sexually transmitted infections.)

The diaphragm is a flexible rubber cup that is filled with spermicide and self-inserted over the cervix prior to intercourse. The device is left in place several hours after intercourse. The diaphragm is a prescribed device fitted by a health care professonal and is more expensive than other barrier methods such as condoms.