Gingivostomatitis
HSV can cause multiple painful ulcers on the gums and mucous membranes of the mouth, a condition called gingivostomatitis. This condition usually affects children 1 - 5 years of age. It nearly always subsides within 2 weeks. In rare cases, it can progress to a systemic viral infection. Children with gingivostomatitis commonly develop herpetic whitlow (herpes of the fingers).
Other Disorders Linked to Herpes Simplex
Several conditions have been linked to HSV infections, although the association has not been substantiated in most cases.
- Arthritis, usually in a single joint, has been sporadically reported as a result of HSV infection.
- People with HSV-2 may have an increased susceptibility for sexually transmitted hepatitis C.
- Some evidence suggests that HSV-1 may slightly increase the risk for certain cancers of the mouth or throat in people who are already at higher risk because of cigarette smoking or infection with another microorganism called human papillomavirus.
- Some studies have reported associations between herpes simplex and other infections with heart disease, including lower survival rates. Such infections may produce persistent inflammation in the arteries leading to heart trouble. Research is ongoing.
- Other rare complications of herpes simplex include erosion or ulcers in the lining of the esophagus and stomach. Certain kidney and blood diseases have also been reported in conjunction with HSV infection. These are very uncommon, however, particularly in people with healthy immune systems.
Emotional and Social Effects of Genital Herpes
Not least among the damaging effects of genital herpes is its impact on the social and emotional life of patients. In one survey of patients with herpes, 82% felt depressed, and 75% were worried about rejection. Over 25% had suicidal thoughts. In nearly 80% of the respondents, the disease had a profound effect on their sexual lives. The patient must notify sexual partners, past and present, about their condition, a deeply humiliating experience. Guilt and anger are common emotions, and relationships may be shattered. It is important to note that the condition is often dormant for many years and may not have been transmitted by a current sexual partner. Support groups or couple therapy can be very helpful.
Herpes in Patients with Compromised Immune Systems
Herpes simplex is particularly devastating when it occurs in immunocompromised patients, and, unfortunately, coinfection is common. People infected with HSV have a fourfold increased risk for contracting HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. Furthermore, studies have reported that between 68 - 81% of patients with HIV are also infected with HSV-2. Other immunocompromised patients include those with cancer or burns, and people who are using immunosuppressant drugs (drugs used after organ transplantation, long-term or high-dose steroids).
Patients with HIV are particularly vulnerable to complications. When both viruses are present, there appears to be a synergy between them, with each increasing the severity of the other. However, herpes simplex in any patient with a seriously compromised immune system can cause serious and even life-threatening complications, including:
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