Surgery

Experts recommend that appropriate patients receive angioplasty and stenting within 90 minutes after having a heart attack. Complications occur in about 10% of patients (about 80% within the first day). Serious side effects include heart attack and the need for additional surgery. Best results occur in hospital settings with experienced teams and backup. Women who have angioplasty after a heart attack have a higher risk of death than men. A 2005 study indicated that stents may help improve female patients’ survival.

Reclosure and Blockage During or Shortly after Angioplasty and Prevention. Reclosure of the artery often occurs during or shortly after angioplasty. A number of anticlotting drugs are used to reduce this risk. Clopidogrel (Plavix) is often given along with aspirin and thrombolytic drugs (such as abciximab) in the days before angioplasty surgery, to help prevent heart attack or stroke following surgery. Research suggests that abciximab (ReoPro) is especially helpful for patients with acute coronary syndrome.

Prevention of Restenosis. Narrowing or reclosing of the artery (restenosis) occurs within a year of angioplasty in many angioplasty patients, often requiring a repeat operation. In restenosis, the narrowing of the artery is usually due to scarring, not blood clots. Researchers are investigating whether drug-coated stents can help prevent restenosis. There have been very promising results for stents coated with sirolimus or paclitaxel. Studies suggest that these drug-coated stents may be especially important options for patients with diabetes who undergo angioplasty. Patients with diabetes are more likely to experience reclosing of the heart arteries than other patients.

Click the icon to see an illustrated series detailing balloon angioplasty.

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery (CABG)

Coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) is the alternative elective procedure to angioplasty for opening blocked arteries in patients with severe angina, particularly those who have two or more blocked arteries. It is a very invasive procedure, however:

• The chest is opened, and the blood is rerouted through a lung-heart machine.
• The heart is stopped during the procedure.
• Segments of veins or arteries taken from elsewhere in the patient's body are fashioned into grafts, which are used to reroute the blood. The blood vessel grafts are placed in front of and beyond the blocked arteries, so the blood flows through the new vessels around the blockage.

Mortality rates with this procedure after a heart attack are much higher (6%) than when it is used electively (1 -  2%). How or when it should be used after a heart attack, then, is controversial. A 2002 study attempted to determine which patients are at highest risk for poor results from CABG after a heart attack. The study found higher risks for women, patients over age 75, and those with heart failure or other severe heart problems.