Menstrual Problems in Women. Menstrual problems are common, including premenstrual disorder, abnormal bleeding, and pain. Pain with intercourse occurs in about half of patients. Sexual function may be impaired, not only because of the emotional impact, but also by treatment of side effects and complications of the diseases, such as fistulas.
Neurologic Factors. Inflammatory bowel disease has been associated with neurologic complications, including a higher risk for dementia, movement disorder, and stroke. People with IBD have a higher risk for developing multiple sclerosis and inflammation of the optic nerve (optic neuritis).
Emotional Factors. The emotional consequences of UC cannot be overestimated. Eating becomes associated with fear of abdominal pain before the end of the meal. Frequent attacks of diarrhea can cause such a strong sense of humiliation that social isolation and low self-esteem may result. UC takes a serious toll on work, family, and social activities. According to a 2005 survey, 40% of patients report incapacitating symptoms at least 180 days per year. Adolescents with IBD may have added problems that increase emotional distress, including weight gain from steroid treatments and delayed puberty.
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