Cystoscopy can be the first test done, to rule out any physical causes, such as chronic infection, interstitial cystitis or other issues. Cystoscopy, particularly for women, is quick, bu can be mildly uncomfortable. The urologist (usually their nurse) will numb the urethra with lidocaine gel before the scope is inserted, and this reduces the discomfort.

 Most urologist will prescribe a broad-spectrum antiobiotic and have the patient drink lots of fluid afterwards to reduce the risk of a bladder infection.

If no reason is found during cystoscopy, the next step, assuming that your UI has become intolerable, is using a Urodynamics test, where a small dual-channel catheter is inserted into the bladder. The bladder is filled with one channel and the other channel measures pressures within the bladder. This is the "definative" test for UI and can uncover symptoms you are not even aware of.

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