About 4 out of 1,000 people with no symptoms have reflux nephropathy, while up to 50% of infants and children with urinary tract infections have it. Reflux nephropathy may lead to
There may be no symptoms if only one kidney is affected or symptoms may be those of a
The risk factors include a personal or family history of reflux, congenital abnormalities of the urinary tract, and recurrent urinary tract infections.


















