Other viruses that have been investigated include measles virus, adenovirus, and the retroviruses (HIV, HTLV-I, and HTLV-II), but none have emerged as having any importance.
Note on Vaccinations: Concerns about a link between the hepatitis B vaccine and MS led France to halt a major vaccination program in 1998. Subsequent research investigating whether the hepatitis B vaccine is indeed associated with an increased risk of MS has yielded mixed results. It appears that the vaccine would be, at most, a contributing-- but not the sole-- factor in MS development. At present, the evidence has not warranted any change in American immunization policies. Research has ruled out a link between any other vaccinations, such as or influenza or tetanus, and relapses of MS.
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