COMMON PROBLEMS

Osteoporosis is a common problem, especially for older women. Bones break more easily, and compression fractures of the vertebrae can cause pain and reduce mobility.

Muscle weakness contributes to fatigue, weakness, and reduced activity tolerance. Joint problems are extremely common. This may be anything from mild stiffness to debilitating arthritis (see osteoarthritis).

The risk of injury increases because gait changes, instability, and loss of balance may lead to falls.

Some elderly people have reduced reflexes. This is most often caused by changes in the muscles and tendons, rather than changes in the nerves. Decreased knee jerk or ankle jerk can occur. Some changes, such as a positive Babinski's reflex, are not a normal part of aging.

Involuntary movements (muscle tremors and fine movements called fasciculations) are more common in the elderly. Inactive or immobile elderly people may experience weakness or abnormal sensations (paresthesias).

Muscle contractures may occur in people who are unable to move on their own or have their muscles stretched through exercise.

PREVENTION

Exercise is one of the best ways to slow or prevent problems with the muscles, joints, and bones. A moderate exercise program can help you maintain strength and flexibility. Exercise helps the bones stay strong.

Consult with your health care provider before beginning a new exercise program.

A well-balanced diet with adequate amounts of calcium is important. Women need to be especially careful to get enough calcium and vitamin D as they age. Postmenopausal women, and men over age 65, need 1,200 - 1,500 mg of calcium and 400 - 800 international units of vitamin D per day. If you have osteoporosis, talk to your doctor about prescription treatments.

RELATED TOPICS

• Aging changes in body shape
• Aging changes in hormone production
• Aging changes in organs, tissues, and cells
• Aging changes in the nervous system
• Calcium in diet
• Osteoporosis

Images

Osteoporosis

Osteoarthritis

The structure of a joint

Osteoarthritis

Flexibility exercise

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Aging changes in the bones Prevention

Review Date: 08/15/2010
Reviewed By: David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.

A.D.A.M., Inc. is accredited by URAC, also known as the American Accreditation HealthCare Commission (www.urac.org)