Prognosis

Effects on Emotions and Thinking in Adults

Mental Issues in Adults. Some studies have reported that older people with sleep apnea and daytime sleepiness have lower scores on tests for mental functions, such learning and attention. One expert suggested that treating sleep apnea in older patients may correct some cases of dementia that are caused by sleep disturbances. Elderly people with sleep apnea may also be more prone to depression.

Emotional Effects of Sleep Apnea. Studies report an association between severe apnea and psychological problems. In one study, 32% of patients had symptoms of depression. Sleep-related breathing disorders can also worsen nightmares and post-traumatic stress disorder. In one study, treatment of sleep apnea eased these complaints. Certainly, daytime sleepiness interferes with quality of life. It is also possible that severe emotional problems might worsen the apnea.

Effects on Bed Partners

Because sleep apnea so often includes noisy snoring, the condition can also adversely affect the sleep quality of a patient's bed partner. Spouses or partners may also suffer from sleeplessness and fatigue. In some cases, the snoring can disrupt relationships. Diagnosis and treatment of sleep apnea in the patient can help eliminate these problems.

Effects in Infants and Children

Failure to Thrive. Small children with undiagnosed sleep apnea may "fail to thrive," that is, they do not gain weight or grow at a normal rate and they have low levels of growth hormone. In severe cases, this may affect the heart and central nervous system. Most often sleep apnea in children is caused by overgrown tonsils or adenoid. Their removal often completely solves all of these problems, including resolution of sleep apnea and restoring weight gain and normal growth hormone levels.

Attention Deficits and Hyperactivity. Problems in attention and hyperactivity are common in children with sleep apnea. There is some evidence that such children may be misdiagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Snoring, rather than sleepiness, is a stronger risk factor for hyperactivity in many of these children, especially boys under 8 years old. (Even children who snore and do not have sleep apnea may be at higher risk for poor concentration.)

Sleep Apnea and Automobile Accidents

Some researchers believe that sleepiness associated with sleep apnea is the greatest risk factor for car accidents. As many as 200,000 automobile accidents in the U.S. and 1,500 deaths from such accidents are caused by sleepiness. Studies continue to report that drowsy driving is as risky as drunk driving. Several studies have suggested that people with sleep apnea have two to three times as many car accidents, and five to seven times the risk for multiple accidents.